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68 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Sociology
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the systematic study of human society and social interaction
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Society
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any large social grouping that shares a geographical location and is subject to the same authority and dominant cultural expectations
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Sociological imagination
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the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and larger society
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Industrialization
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the process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agricultural or handmade products to emphasis on manufacturing and related industries
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Urbanization
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the process by which increasing proportions of the population live in cities rather than rural areas
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Positivism
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a belief that the world is best understood through scientific inquiry
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Methodological
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apply scientific knowledge to physical and social phenomena
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Social/political
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use this knowledge to pick the most effective policies
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Social Darwinism
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animals (including people) that are best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, where poorly adapted members of the species die out
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Methodological
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apply scientific knowledge to physical and social phenomena
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Social/political
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use this knowledge to pick the most effective policies
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Anomie
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social control becomes ineffective as a result of loss of shared values and sense of purpose
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Bourgeoisie
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capitalists who own the means of production
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Alienation
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feeling of powerlessness/estrangement
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Proletariat
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wage workers
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Formal sociology
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examining patterns in social forms
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Theory
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a set of logically interrelated statements meant to describe, explain, or predict social events
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Manifest function
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intended/overt outcome
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Latent functions
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unintended/ hidden outcomes
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Power
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the ability of a person to carry out their will in spite of resistance
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Prestige
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positive or negative social estimation of honor
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Power elite
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small clique composed of top corporate, political, military officials
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Symbol
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anything that can meaningfully represent something else
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Research
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process of systematically collecting information to test or generate a theory
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Hypothesis
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tentative statements of relationships between two or more related concepts
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Variables
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measurable traits or characteristics that can change or vary
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Independent variable
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the one you think might cause the change
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Dependent variable
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the one that might be caused by the independent variable
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Multiple causation
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when an event is the result of several different factors
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Unit of analysis
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what or whom is being studied (for sociologists, it’s usually the individual)
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Cross-sectional
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observations at a single point in time—behavior in a moment
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Longitudinal
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observations over a period of time or at several points in time—processes and change
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Population
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the people or group you want to be able to draw conclusions about
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Sample
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a subgroup that represents your population
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Random sample
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everyone in the population has an equal chance to be chosen
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Probability sample
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participants are chosen because they have a characteristic or characteristics
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Research methods
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specific strategies/techniques for systematically conducting research
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Respondents
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people who provide the data by doing interviews or filling out forms
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Questionnaire
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printed instrument with series of items to which subjects must respond
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Structured interviews
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interview follows a standard script for each interview
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Informed consent
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letting subjects know what kind of work you’re doing, what they’ll be asked, if they’ll be quoted in any way
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Sociobiologsts
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systematically study “social behavior from a biological perspective”
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Id
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basic biological drives that demand instant gratification
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Ego
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rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the id
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Superego
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the conscience, the moral/ethical aspects of personality
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Cognitive development
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how people obtain, process, and use information
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Sensorimotor stage
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(birth-age 2) understand the world only through sensory contact/immediate action
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Preoperational stage
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(2-7) begin to use words as mental symbols and form mental images, but logic skills are limited
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Concrete operational stage
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(7-11) thinking in terms of tangible objects/ actual events; begin to empathize with others
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Formal operational stage
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(12- adolescence) highly abstract thinking is possible; able to think about the future and evaluate courses of action
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Preconventional
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(7-10) children’s perceptions are based on punishment
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Convetional
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(10-adulthood) people are concerned with how they are perceived by peers; how one conforms to the rules
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Postconvetional
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(few adults reach this stage) morality is viewed in terms of individual rights; “moral conduct” is based on human rights
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Self-concept
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the totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves
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Physical self, Active self, Social self, Psychological self
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Self-identity
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perception about what kind of person we are and awareness of our own unique identity
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Role-taking
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process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from another’s point of view
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Significant others
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people whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important to the development of self
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Generalized other
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a child’s awareness of the demands and expectations of society as a whole or of a subculture
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Agents of socialization
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persons, groups, institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society
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Reciprocal socialization
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process by which feelings, thoughts, appearances, behavior of individuals who are undergoing socialization also have a direct influence on the agents attempting to influence them
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Peer group
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groups of people linked by common interest, equal social position, and (usually) similar age
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Mass media
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large-scale organizations that use print or electronic means to communicate with large numbers of people
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Gender socialization
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aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being male or female in a specific group or society
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Racial/ethnic socialization
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aspects of socialization that contain specific messages or practices concerning the nature of racial/ethnic status as it relates to identity, interpersonal relationships, and the social hierarchy
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Ageism
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prejudice or discrimination against people on the basis of age, particularly against older persons
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Resocialization
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the process of learning new or different set of attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviors different from background or previous experiences
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Involuntary resocialization
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resocialization that occurs against our will, typically in a total institution
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Total institution
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a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution
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