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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Harriet Martineau
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Dress and It's Victims- Women's clothing doesn't actually function well as clothing- heels open shirts-too many scarves.
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Anna Julia Cooper
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An increase in educated black women through self determination would improve the standing of the entire african american community.
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Charlotte Perkins Gilman
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Feminism-Mental Health
"The Yellow Wallpaper" Her husband was locking her up and controlling her |
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Jane Addams
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Hull House enabled Addams to befriend and become a colleague to early members of the Chicago School of Sociology.
Democracy and Social Ethics America must raise moral concerns from the personal to the social |
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Ida B. Wells-Barnett
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refused to give up her seat in a train 71 years before rosa parks.
southern horrors:lynch law in all its phrases |
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Marianne Weber
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Uses marriage and women’s work to explain the patriarchal distortion of social life
“On the Valuation of Housework” |
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Feminist Theory’s Basic Questions
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1. Where are the women in a social setting and what are they doing?
2. Why is this happening? Gender differences, oppression? 3. How can we make the social world more just for women and all others? |
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OUTCOMES OF FEMINIST THEORY:
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Added dimension of feminist experience and viewpoint shifts our understanding of the world
Therefore, our established systems of knowledge are called into question |
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Standpoint theory:
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women [or other oppressed groups] possess knowledge unavailable to the socially privileged, particularly knowledge of social relations.
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Patricia Hill Collins
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Examines the “matrix of domination”:
gender, race, class -the experiential standpoint of women gives them the ability to improve the knowledge of others--. resist domination |
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4 false images of black women- Patricia Hill Collins
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They Mammy-Aunt Jemima-(Rhetaugh Dumas)
The Matriarch-The Jeffersons The Welfare Mother The Jezebel-Sexual aggressor-the basis for oppression |
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“Gender through the Prism of Difference” Zinn et al
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Recent insights in feminism/gender studies:
We need to understand differences among women, not just between women and men Masculinities need to be understood Gender roles are linked to patterns of global economic restructuring Differences among men and women create a spectrum of relationships, not a patchwork of differences |
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The Failure of Reconstruction
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Early attempts to enforce racial equality in south are abandoned, 15gth amendment is overturned and the 14th is reinterpreted.
jim crow discriminatory laws north is better but white supremacy. |
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Madison Grant
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The Eugenics Movement: The Passing of The Great Race
Later used by Nazi Germany Wanted to purify america with selective breeding and strong immigration restriction and anti miscegenation policies |
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First wave of African American sociologists
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refuting racisim
social critique and direct action generally theoretical rather than empirical |
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Marcus Garvey
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Black nationalist
Founder of UNIA and african communities leage Back To Africa Movement-redeem africa |
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Booker T Washington
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"accommodator"
raised funds for black education Up From Slavery |
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WEB Du Bois- early career
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Born in MA- sheltered from racism
Harvards 1st AA PhD and encountered hard racism studied- african american history, economics and sociology |
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WEB Du Bois-Penn
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Philadelphia Negro- 1st AA sociological work
blacks are equally capable |
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WEB Du Bois- The Souls of Black Folk
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Color line- socially constructed black white division.
Veil- being shut out from other race's experience Double Consciousness- Sense of being perceived as an outsider by others that prevents formation of a unified self |
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WEB Du Bois- Activism
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disillusioned about the power of academia -against booker
NAACP political activism wrote of class and race colonialism as racism increasingly marxist |
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connection between race and class
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race conflicts are a distraction that prevents the formation of class consciousness
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WEB Du Bois-later
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-returned to atlanta
-persecuted during red scare of 1950s -abandons hope of reform expatriates to ghana-->communist death before MLK |
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The Second Wave of AA Sociologists
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-black american culture= american phenomenon
-moral and cultural advance essential for racial uplift - impact of social conditions on the black psyche -standard sociological empiricism-detached observation -melting pot/robert park |
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E Franklin Frazier
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Key in second wave
The Negro Family in The United States Social organizaion patterns of AA life in urban |
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Post WW 2 -AA sociology
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-asserting the importance of the african lens for AA experience
-understanding colonialism as international racism |
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STRATIFICATION THEORY.
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This theory asserts that groups and individuals are arranged in a social hierarchy according to ascribed and acquired characteristics.
Race is seen as advantaging or disadvantaging individuals. |
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ECONOMIC THEORY (CONFLICT).
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“Race is an invention of capitalism that justifies some people becoming commodities while others become “owners.”
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SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION.
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Race changes depending upon social context. (E.g., Symbolic Interactionism)
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Sarah Susanah Willie:
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Goffman offers us a more flexible, agent-centered option: dramaturgy.
We are all acting all the time anyway. We can show different faces and lines with different people and not be “out of face” – not be inappropriate to our identity. black student opera/rap |
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Charles Horton Cooley
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Michigan whole life
“The Looking Glass Self” Idea of other’s perception Idea of other’s judgment Self feeling “Primary Groups” |
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George Herbert Mead
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Went to U/Chicago
Religious background (like many US sociologists of that day) writers block social development of self, self as object, the i and me, thinking is social, i think before i act |
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Human Nature and the Social Order
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1. consciousness is social, language is social
2. "I" is not all self, part of self is social 3. When I is equated with body it is social |
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What about Primary Groups?
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(family, play groups, and so on) as the source of one's morals, sentiments, and ideals. But the impact of the primary group is so great that individuals cling to primary ideals in more complex associations and even create new primary groupings within formal organizations. Cooley viewed society as a constant experiment in enlarging social experience and in coordinating variety
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The Social Development of self
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SELF arises in the child’s social experience, using language & symbols
1. Imitation 2. Role play 3. Games 4. “Generalized Other” |
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The Self as Object
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The SELF is reflexive:
I can consider myself: look at myself as though I am an object. What I see when I view myself is adopted from the way others see me. (Cooley‘s “Looking Glass Self“) |
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The “I“ and the “Me“
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balance
“I“ is the creative, impulsive part of Self that changes the world around. “Me“ is the judgmental, controlling part of self that has been imprinted by the world around. “I“ acts, “Me“ constrains. |
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Even Thinking Is Social
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We think using symbols, words, language
We learn the meaning of symbols, words, and language from others. Therefore thinking is a socially trained skill |
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I Think Before I Act
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Behaviorism (psych) – Individuals react to stimuli.
Mead: Before acting, individuals consider the socially defined meaning of both the stimulus and their potential responses. |
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gestures and significant symbols-mead
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“Gestures“ – an action calling forth a response from another (much the same as “stimulus.“)
“Significant Symbols“ – gestures that have a shared meaning for sender and receiver (or speaker and listener) |
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symbolic interaction
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Individuals have a “self” and are intentional
Social behaviors are based on individuals’ interpretation of the situation Social action is lodged in the individual Emphasis on construction vs. essentialism |
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Traditional sociology
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Individuals are the media through which outside forces/institutions operate
Social behaviors are not constructed, they are reactions Social action is lodged in society or some unit of society |
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blumer- symbolic interactionism in terms of sociology as a study
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“Societal organizations/ units provide a framework for action, and a fixed set of symbols
Sociology is studying the process of interpretation by which people determine their actions Societal organizations/ units determine individual action Sociology is the study of structures and their impact on actions (e.g., functionalism & organicism) |
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Durkheim's Key Question:
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What holds societies together in the modern era?
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Durkheim was a structuralist:
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he believed that society is composed of structures that directly affect the lives and behavior of individuals.
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Society as a living organism
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Durkheim
structures of society are “functional”: they help give society cohesion. consisting of interdependent systems, each with specific functions. |
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social facts
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factors external to the individual that exert an influence on the individual.
Society is more than the sum of its parts. Social realities are not a consequence of the actions of individuals within society. |
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Durkheim-Suicide
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Used statistics to show that a profoundly personal act – suicide – is not caused by psychological, biological or “cosmic” factors.
It is actually influenced by “social facts” such as religious belief, nationalism, and family structure Types of suicide: egoistic, altruistic, anomic, fatalistic |
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Durkheim approach
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"The determination of function is . . . necessary for the complete explanation of the phenomena. . . . To explain a social fact it is not enough to show the cause on which it depends; we must also, at least in most cases, show its function in the establishment of social order.”
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Durkheim- Religion
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Totemism is the most basic form: identifying with an emblem (animal, etc.) that represents the community.
A society is unified by assigning its values to divine figures. These values take the form of beliefs – what is sacred and profane “Collective effervesence” produced in religious gatherings binds a society together. |
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Durkheim-Crime
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Crime offers society the opportunity to reinforce its norms by punishing the deviant,
Or change its norms, and not punish the deviant. |
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What holds societies together in the modern era?
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Values
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integration in traditional societies
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In traditional societies, integration or cohesion is called mechanical.
It is/was based on the homogeneity of social groups and their values. |
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integration in modern societies
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In modern societies integration or cohesion is called organic.
We are hetergeneous and contribute to solidarity by playing a specialized role. Our values have to be negotiated. |
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principles of functionalism
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1. Society has a tendency toward equilibrium.
2. For a society to survive, certain functions must occur. 3. Social institutions and practices exist because they provide those functions for the larger society. -latency |
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Latency:
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3rd principle of functionalism
Social activities/functions may accomplish or support some other social activity/function. |
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the objections to functionalism
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1. It is TELELOGICAL: the outcomes of social phenomena are given as their causes.
2. Because it describes and explains things “AS THEY ARE” it isn’t competent in: Dealing with historical issues Dealing with conflict 3. For the same reason, it is UNCRITICAL (too accepting) of the status quo. |
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principles of stratification
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A universal necessity calls forth stratification in any social system.
A society must distribute its members to positions and get them to perform the duties of those positions. The highest positions are those that (a) have the greatest importance for society, and (b) require the most skill. |
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The problem with the Kingsley-Moore article
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It accepts the status quo without challenge.
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Feudalism
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use labor-expresses self and true human identity
products have use value personal relationship |
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Capitalism
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Labor: alienated from product, process, self, others
Products produced for Exchange Value Relationships: People become like things, things become like people |
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Commodification of labor
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Owner (Capitalist; member of Bourgeoisie)
Worker (Proletarian, member of Proletariat) Relationships: distorted; dehumanized (Rousseau), including family |
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Communism
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Class consciousness
Revolution Proletarian control over the means of production |
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Karl Marx Biography
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- Upper middle class German
Seems to have internalized the conflict between his parents and was unhappy at home as a young adult. - Max had a very success academic career He married Marianne, who also wrote brilliantly They lived well and spent LOTS of money Max was affected by bouts of depression throughout his life |
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difference between marx and weber
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Hegel: The conflict of ideas drives changes in material realities.
Marx: Wrong! Material conflicts drive changes in ideas. Weber: it can go in both directions. (His example: “The Protestant Ethic” gave rise to capitalism.) |
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Protestant Work Ethic
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Calvinist Protestants worked as a duty to God (hoping to prove that they were God’s chosen.)
We call this “worldly asceticism” – doing things on earth but with a focus on heaven. They made a lot of money, but didn’t believe they should spent it on pleasurable things, so their wealth went back into business. They became the owners (bourgeoisie). Religion created capitalism |
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Marx: class conflict alone drives the economic system
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wrong-There are three types of conflict:
Class, Status, and Party |
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CLASS:
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Those with the same possession of goods or opportunity to make money
Four classes: Capitalists Property owners Those who hold patents/copyrights, etc. Laborers |
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class action
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A class will only take action under certain cultural conditions and if the class members recognize their economic situation and its consequences.
[So, Mr. Marx, there is no guarantee that the proletariat will gain “class consciousness” and rise up in revolt!] All other exchange issues being equal, economics will drive social realities. |
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status
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A “status group” is a group whose members share a characteristic or lifestyle that is honored or dishonored in society.
Status may or may not be linked to class. If economic circumstances are stable, status will drive social realities. |
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party
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A self-selected group that seeks to influence a particular social issue or action.
The party will have a specific program aimed at causing a particular action. The Party’s issue may or may not be related to a specific class or status group. |
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marx vs. weber on science
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Marx: We should be scientific and empirical in examining society: look at REAL things. Study them objectively. (Enlightenment thinking.)
Weber: We can’t examine society as if people were chemicals. We need the “subjectivity” of understanding how the people we are studying experience their situation. “Verstehen |
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class domination
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You should remember that some forms of power are legitimate authority. There are three:
- Traditional - Legal - Charismatic |
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historical progress
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You see capitalism moving us forward toward the wonderful new world of communism.
I say: Capitalism causes us to focus on trying to attain the highest level of efficiency in everything. I call that “Rationality” or “Rationalization.” |
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rationality-disenchantment
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In economics it gives us the spirit of capitalism: the drive to be efficient in making money.
In organizations rationality produces bureaucracy: Everything well defined, orderly, efficient and lifeless! |
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capitalism in the future?
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The Protestants wanted us to treat our material goods like a light jacket: something we could easily take off at any time.
Instead, our material possessions have become like a steel shell we wear, or an iron cage around us, weighing us down; trapping us. |
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Factors that Led to the Emergence of Sociology
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INTELLECTUAL
ECONOMIC SOCIAL POLITICAL An attempt to explain the social “chaos.” |
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Intellectual factor
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the enlightenment period
the counter enlightenment-keep institutions differentiation of social sciences within the university |
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economic factor
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Expansion of Commerce and Markets
Industrialization |
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social factor
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Urbanization
Decline of Local Communities |
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political factor
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Rise of bureaucratic nation states
Decline in the power of the Church Feminism |
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the birth of sociology
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As the economic, social and political change in Europe became more dramatic in the 19th century . . . assess social change scientifically
And a belief that the institutional and collective perspective must be considered, based on the Counter-Enlightenment perspective. Sociology became the specialized form of assessing social change, drawing from earlier social science disciplines, such as history, economics, psychology, and anthropology. |
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Auguste Comte
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Evolution of world views & societies:
theological → metaphysical → scientific/positive Coined the term “Sociology”: Queen of the Sciences |
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Historical Materialism
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1. History progresses
2. Change is driven by conflicts related to “production” (i.e., economic or material conflict) |
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“The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.”
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Marx agrees with Hegel that conflict is the basis of social change, BUT …
Hegel thought it was a conflict of ideas, Marx thinks it is a conflict over the material and production. |
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“Society as a whole is more and more split up into two great hostile camps: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.”
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In this era, class conflict means that those who own the means of production dominate the workers.
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“The bourgeoisie . . . has reduced the family relation to a mere money relation.”
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The purpose of the family becomes to make money by serving as cogs in the capitalist machine. Accordingly, the relationship among family members shifts.
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“The bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rule of the towns…It has agglomerated populations, centralized means of production, and has concentrated property in a few hands.”
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Urbanization.
The increasing wealth of owners. |
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“Modern industry has established the world-market, for which the discovery of America paved the way…The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country.”
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Marx foresees economic globalization: the movement of capitalism throughout the world.
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“The execution of the modern State is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie.”
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Marx believes that ALL social institutions (“super structure”) arise from – and for the sake of – the material/economic base. That includes religion, education, etc.
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“The proletariat alone is a really revolutionary class.”
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Proletarians will develop “class consciousness.”
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“What the bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own grave diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable.”
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The proletariat will rise up to seize control of production.
Is this economic determinism: the idea that the future will happen in a particular, predictable way? |
