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91 Cards in this Set
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Social Psychology
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The scientific study of how individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are affected by other people or concern other people (occur in a social context)
Explain each part of the definition |
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*What does it mean that social psychology is a science?
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Experiments are conducted and empirical evidence is sought.
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*Which research method is most characteristic of sociology?
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Experimental study.
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Describe the Walten/Cohen studies.
Describe the the power of the perceived social contexts of both studies. |
Showed that african americans were more likely to succeed if they felt better about themselves.
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*Describe the community/Wall Street game and how it illustrates the power of the situation.
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People who played the community game were more cooperative than the ones playing the wall street game.
From this experiment Lee D. Ross concluded that “At the most general level, it said that the way in which we respond to a situation depends on how we subjectively perceive it” |
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How is Social Psychology similar to and different from Sociology, Personality Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Cognitive Psychology.
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Sociology - SP focuses on INDIVIDUALS. Sociology focuses on GROUPS. SP tends to EXPERIMENT and sociology tends to SURVEY.
Psychologies - Focus on the BIOLOGICAL aspects of mind Cognitive psychology - how your brain literally works Clinical Psychology - How to diagnose/treat disorders |
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How is Social Psychology different from common sense?
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Common sense relies on gut feelings based on your experiences that don't always ring true and no way to prove anything.
SP uses the scientific method. |
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Who were Triplett and Ringelmann, and what was interesting about their experiments?
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Coined the term Social Facilitation
They both were credited with doing the first Social Psychology experiments. (1890s-1913) They both studied the performance of others in the presence of other individuals. Triplett looked at bike riders speed. Subjects were ABLE TO OBSERVE AND COMPARE their performance to others, which increased their speed. Ringlemann looked at participants doing a rope-pulling task where performance was not observable or comparable. Subjects slacked off/social loafed. |
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When were the firsts textbooks in SP published?
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1. EDWARD ROSS: Social Psychology: An Outline and Source Book. (1908)
2. WILLIAM MCDOUGALL: An Intro to Social Psychology (1908) 3. FLOYD ALLPORT: Social Psychology (1924) |
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Which of the first three textbooks most helped establish SP as a discipline?
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FLOYD ALLPORT: Social Psychology (1924)
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The birth And Infancy of Social Psychology: 1880s-1920s
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Tripplett and Ringelmann.
The three books. |
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A call for action: 1930s-1950s
Theory Development (1950-1960) |
1.) WWII: Adolf Hitler's influence and brutal killings in Turkey led to the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues.
SP made propoganda. Kurt Lewin arrives. 2.) War related research lead to applied research. There was a strong need for SP from business and govt. Pulled in a lot of people. |
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Confidence and Crisis: 1960s-1970s
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The field greatly expanded and had a positive outlook, but also faced a lot of criticism.
Lab experiments dominated research and were more ethical, splitting SP into groups of lab (ethical) vs non (controversial). |
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An Era of Pluralism: Mid-1970s-1990s
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Both sides merge. Many subfields emerge.
Pluralism refers to the influx of new experimentation approaches. Hot and Cold approaches began to appear. International (collectivistic/individualistic) |
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Who was Kurt Lewin? What were his major contributions?
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German founder of modern/experimental social psychology.
1. Field Theory - Behavior is a function of both the PERSON and the ENVIRONMENT. [B=F(P,E)]. You have to consider ALL parts. 2. Application of Social Psychology - You need to GO OUT and do research, not just sitting around making assumptions.(no research w/o action, no action w/o...) 3. Leadership and Group studies |
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Who was Muzafer Sherif? What were his major contributions?
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MUZAFER SHERIF is the Turkish man who examined peoples behaviors in GROUPS.
Demonstrated that it was possible to study complex social processes in a scientific way. Stuff like conformity and group behavior. |
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(Recent Trend) Integration of Emotion, motivation, and cognition: HOT and COLD perspectives and the value of merging them.
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Cold - Looks at cognition
Hot - Looks at emotion and motiation Merging is needed because they both play a factor. |
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(Recent Trend) Automatic and Controllable processes
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How much control do we have over our thoughts and actions, and how vulnerable are we to influences beyond our awareness or control.
Are we still influenced by things we refuse to believe? Can we train ourselves against automatic impulses? |
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(Recent Trend) Social neuroscience
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The study of the relationship between neural and social processes.
How do violent videogames affect breain activity and then acts of aggression? |
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(Recent Trend) Behavioral genetics
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How do genetics affect your behaviors?
Are things such as sexual orientation and political attitudes genetic? |
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(Recent Trend) Evolutionary Psychology
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Looks at principles of evolution to understand social behavior
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(Recent Trend) Cross-cultural vs Multicultural research
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Cross cultural - Compare/contrast people of two separate cultures. Japan vs Europe
Multicultural - Looks at racial and ethnic groups within one culture. Blacks compared to whites in japan, |
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(Recent Trend) Behavioral economics
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How psychology, social and cognitive, relate to economic decision making.
Lipstick effect - Women buy more cosmetics during recessions. People with low self esteem buy more expensive stuff. |
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(Recent Trend) Embodied Cognition
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Examines the close links between our minds and the positioning/nonverbal actions of our bodies.
Guilty people feel better by washing their hands. |
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(Recent Trend) New technologies
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Brain-imaging tech
Virtual reality helps test questions that are impractical, impossible, or unethical |
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(Research Methods): Research question vs hypothesis
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RQ - "Is it safe to inject meth into one's eyeballs?"
Hypothesis - "It is completely safe to inject meth into one's eyeballs" |
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(Research Methods): Common sources of research questions
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Within academic articles to find out what has already been done and what can be built on upon.
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(Research Methods): What are the stages of the research process?
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-Generate a research question or hypothesis
-Finding relevant past research and theory -Selecting a research method -Collecting the data -Analyzing the data -Reporting the results |
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(Research Methods): Basic vs applied research
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Basic Research - Increase understanding of human behavior, usually with HYPOTHESIS and THEORY
Applied Research - Increase understanding of real-world events and contribute to the solution of social problems. |
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(Research Methods): Conceptual variable vs Operational variable
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Conceptual - abstract variables.
ex) Conformity, love, social anxiety... Operational - The specific procedures for manipulating or measuring a conceptual variable. ex) Conformity: measure the amnt of times a participant agreed to obviously wrong judgements. |
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(Research Methods): Random Assignment vs Random Sample
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Random Assignment - Assigning people ALREADY IN THE STUDY to experiment conditions so that each person has equal chance of being in any of the conditions. GOOD FOR PICKING OUT PREEXISTING DIFFERENCES OF OTHERS
Random Sample - Taking people from one population randomly, giving equal chance of being a participant. MOST ACCURATELY GENERALIZES A GROUP OF PEOPLE |
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(Research Methods): Laboratory experiments vs Field experiments
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Lab - Controlled environment, constant conditions...
Field - Conducted in real-world settings outside the lab. |
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(Research Methods): Independent vs Dependent variables
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Independent variables get manipulated to affect dependent variables
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(Research Methods): Manipulated variable vs subject variable (in experimental designs)
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Manipulated - IND/DEP
Subject- Neither IND or DEP. They measure preexisting differences among the participants. Could be gender, weight... |
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(Research Methods): External validity vs internal validity
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Internal - Reasonable certainty that the independent variables in an experiment caused the effects created by the dependent variables. NO CONFOUNDING VARIABLES.
External - The degree to which there can be reasonable confidence that the results of a study would be the same for other people and in other situations. GENERALIZABILITY |
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(Research Methods): Experimental realism vs mundane realism
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Experimental - Degree to which experiment conditions cause participants to act naturally and spontaneously.
Mundane - Degree to which the experiment resembles places/events in the real world |
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(Research Methods): Positive vs Negative Correlation
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Pos - ^^ vv
Neg- v^ ^v |
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(Research Methods): Self-reports vs Observations
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Self reports - Participants tell you their thoughts, feelings, desires, and actions
- Can be distorted when they want to leave good impressions. Bogus Pipeline is good to counteract. Observations - Researchers decide meaning of actions. Typically multiple come to an agreed upon definition of what they saw. |
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(Research Methods): Direct vs Participant observations
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Direct - Observing the event as a separate entity. Systematic observations about behavior. In a lab or field.
Participant - Plays an active role in interacting with participants |
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(Research Methods): Convenience sample vs Random sample
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Convenience samples - Going to specific groups of people. Cheap quick and easy but not too great of data.
Random sample - Random selection of a population. Everyone given equal chance. |
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(Research Methods): Correlation vs Causation
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Correlation - One variable goes positive or negative when another variable goes positive or negative
Causation - One variable is the direct cause for the other to move |
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(Research Methods): Advantages and primary disadvantage of doing correlational (survey) research compared to doing experiments?
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Advantages - Allows to look into otherwise unethical experiments by simply asking questions, things like gender and age cannot be manipulated, people can be brought to a lab or asked in public to do a survey.
Main flaw: CORRELATION DOES NOT MEAN CAUSATION. IT is pretty hard to prove causation due to so many confounding variables. |
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(Research Methods): What are the essential characteristics of an experiment? Why and how is each of these important to the internal validity of the experiment?
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A form of research that can determine cause-and-effect relationships because:
- Experimenter has control over the conditions (the events that occur); the manipulations. - Participants are randomly assigned to conditions Internal validity can be controlled if you take every factor into account and keep experiments as simple and constant as you can. |
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(Research Methods): Describe the classic Dr. Walster study and specify the independent and dependent variable.
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(Research Methods): What is a Confound? How might it reduce internal validity? How can you prevent Experimental Expectancy?
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Confound - A factor other than the independent variable that differs between conditions.
Stop experimenter expectancy by keeping experimenters uninformed about assignments to conditions (being "blind") |
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(Research Methods): What is Experimenter Expectancy? How might it reduce internal validity? How can you prevent Experimental Expectancy?
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Experimenter Expectancy - When the experimenter's expectations about the results influence the participant's responses/
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(Research Methods): What are the major ethical criteria to use with human subjects? Why are they important?
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Research studies must…
- be approved by the university’s Institutional Review Board (IRB) - acquire informed consent from the participants - avoid physical or psychological harm - assure anonymity or confidentiality - have debriefing if there was deception |
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(Research Methods): What is the responsibility of institutional review boards?
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Ensures experiments are ethical
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(Research Methods): What is the purpose of informed consent?
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You ensure participants know exactly what they're getting themselves into, and you know that they accept the conditions.
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(Research Methods): Describe Systematic Observation. Give examples of observed behavior.
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A systematic observation is an objective and organized means of gathering data to confirm or validate criteria.
Fighting, laughing, trembling... |
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(Research Methods): Describe Participant Observation. Give examples of observed behavior.
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Living with the homeless in nyc.
Bum fights. |
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(Research Methods): Describe Archival Analysis .Give examples of observed behavior.
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Gathering data from trusted reports and articles.
2003 cinema profits |
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(Research Methods): Why are Interval-Contingent reports conducted? How do they differ from self-reports?
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Interval-Contingent reports - Reports that participants give in a timely matter. Ex) once a day/week/month.
Differ because you are given more than one report. |
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(Research Methods): Why are Signal-Contingent reports conducted? How do they differ from self-reports?
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Signal-Contingent reports - Reporting experiences as soon as possible after being signaled to do so. Usually by calling or using an app.
They are aware they must eventually give a report? |
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(Research Methods): Why are Event-Contingent reports conducted? How do they differ from self-reports?
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Event-contingent reports - Respondents report on a designated set of events as soon as possible after such events have occurred.
Ex) Report any time X happens to you... |
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(Social Self) : What are the ABCs of the self?
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Self-Esteem (Affective Component)
Self-Presentation (Behavioral Component) Self-Concept (Cognitive Component) |
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(Social Self) : What is the Cocktail Party Effect and how does it demonstrate the importance of the self?
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Discusses how easy it is for people to react to their name being said in noisy areas.
It relates to the Self-Concept (Cognitive). Probably refers to self-recognition |
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*(Social Self) : Define Self-Concept. What is the "Who am I" task to measure the self-concept?
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Self Concept - The sum total of beliefs that people have about themselves.
-Also includes social factors/The Looking Glass Self - Others serve as a mirror in which we see ourselves. What you say about writing ten "I am" statements give a look at your self-concept |
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(Social Self) : What are self-schemas?
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Self Schema - A belief people hold about themselves that guides the processing of self-relevant info.
ex) Extroverted, male, Democrat... |
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(Social Self) : When do humans begin recognizing themselves in the mirror (self-recognizing).
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1.5-2 years (18-24 months)
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(Social Self) : Which animals show self-recognition? How?
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Apes, some dolphins and elephants...
How they interact with mirrors. |
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(Social Self) : What are the 5 sources of self-knowledge?
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Introspection
Self-Perception Influences of Other People Autobiographical memories Cultural Influences |
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(Social Self) : Describe Introspection
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Self-knowledge through looking inwards at one's own thoughts and feelings.
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(Social Self) : How accurate are people's introspections (about the causes of their own behavior) according to Nisbett and Wilson?
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It is not too reliable. Wilson and others have argued that introspection can sometimes impair self-knowledge-- It's possible to think/analyze too much, and get confused about why one might like something, for example. We often don't know the motives to our actions if asked to explain why we do things.
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(Social Self) : What is Affective Forecasting?
* How well can people predict their future emotional states? What factors lead to overestimates of emotional reactions to events? |
Affective Forecasting - Predicting responses to future emotional events. Often unreliable.
Impact Bias - Overestimating the strength and duration of emotional reactions. |
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(Social Self) : Describe Self-Perception theory
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We learn about ourselves by observing our behaviors and making inferences/conclusions based off of it.
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(Social Self) : (Self Perception Theory) When and how do people use observations of their own behavior as a source of self-knowledge?
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Self Perception Theory - People can learn about themselves simply by watching their own behavior.
Occurs when internal clues are difficult to interpret (no obvious external causes) |
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*(Social Self) : Explain the Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry.
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Other people can know more about ourselves than we do.
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(Social Self) : Describe the Facial Feedback Hypothesis.
How do changes in facial expression affect the subjective experience of an emotion? |
The simple act of smiling can cause people to feel legitimate happiness.
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*(Social Self) : Describe the Overjustification Effect.
What were the findings of the classic Lepper study on intrinsic motivation on children? How could you give out rewards but still maintain intrinsic motivation? |
Overjustifcation effect - When external rewards are given for a task, there is less intrinsic motivation to do it.
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(Social Self) : How do OTHER people come to help define your self-concept?
Refer to Cooley's Looking Glass Self, Social Comparison Theory, and the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion, |
Looking Glass Self - Others are a mirror in which we see ourselves
Social Comparison Theory - When uncertain about our abilities or opinions, we evaluate self through comparisons with SIMILAR OTHERS. Two-Factor Theory of Emotion - When the brain does not know why it feels an emotion it relies on external stimuli for clues on how to label the emotion based on two factors - Physiological Arousal - environment - Cognitive label for arousal; labels can come from others |
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(Social Self) : Social comparison theory: When do people evaluate themselves through comparisons with others? With whom do people usually compare themselves to?
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Social Comparison - When uncertain about our abilities or opinions, we evaluate self through comparisons with SIMILAR OTHERS.
Self esteem can be improved or hurt: -Feeling good about a C when others got F's -Feeling bad about a C when others got A's |
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(Social Self) : What is Schachter's Two-Factor Theory of Emotion?
Describe the classic Schacter and Singer (1962) study and the findings. |
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Two-Factor Theory of Emotion - When the brain does not know why it feels an emotion it relies on external stimuli for clues on how to label the emotion based on two factors - Physiological Arousal - environment - Cognitive label for arousal; labels can come from others |
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(Social Self) : How are memories from the past distorted?
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We often distort the past in ways that are self-inflated.
-Thinking we had better grades in high school... People believe flashbulb memories are almost entirely accurate, but still have shown not to be. |
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(Social Self) : How is self-concept influenced by cultural factors? How is self-esteem affected by culture?
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Individualistic cultures: People strive for personal achievement.
Collectivistic cultures: People derive more satisfaction from the status of the valued group. Dialecticism: Eastern system of thought that accepts the coexistence of contradictory characteristics within a single person Self esteem can be influenced by culture depending on honor systems in families and the likes. |
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(Social Self) : What is self-esteem, and how are high self-esteem individuals likely to differ from low self-esteem individuals?
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Self-Esteem - a confidence and satisfaction in oneself
High: Positive Illusions - Feeling better-than-average. -Implicit egotism - Unconscious expression of self-esteem, such as evaluating letters within their name more favorably. -Self-Serving beliefs - Inflated memories, self-enhancing attributions. Having biased memories (thinking you got A's when it was more of B's and C's.) or putting blame on situations instead of yourself -Unrealistic Optimism -Illusions of control - Control over events in your life -Self Handicapping - Blaming other situations Low: Self-Sabotage - Thinking negative thoughts about yourself. Self loathing... |
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(Social Self) : What is Mark Leary's Sociometer Theory?
What does out self-esteem indicate? |
Looked at how people's self-esteem was affected when told they were seen as socially valuable or not.
Proposes that state self-esteem is a gauge (or sociometer) of interpersonal relationships |
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(Social Self) : Describe the Terror Management Theory and how it relates to our need for self-esteem.
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Terror Management Theory - The need for self-esteem by considering our awareness of the inevitability of our own death.
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(Social Self) : Which racial group has the highest self-esteem and why?
Does gender and age matter for self esteem? |
Blacks have significantly higher self-esteem than all other races. There is more sense of group pride, possibly due to civil rights movements and a past of discrimination.
Men have only slightly more self-esteem than women. The highest point of self esteem is seen within the "tween" age. The lowest is typically seen around 80+ years when the body tends to function less effectively and culture has drastically changed. |
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(Social Self) : What is Self-Discrepancy Theory and what would lead to a low self-esteem?
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Self-Descrepancy Theory - Self-esteem depends on the gap between your ACTUAL self and IDEAL self.
If there is a larger discrepancy (gap) between your actual and ideal self, your self-esteem is typically lower. Ideal factors such as importance and extent determine the severity of it. |
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(Social Self) : What is self-awareness theory?
What factors lead to self-awareness? What raises and lowers self awareness and what are the implications? Describe the Halloween field study's findings on self-awareness. |
Self-Awareness - Understanding yourself. When you're self-focusing, increased self awareness arises; it allows you to find out your self-discrepancies and allows you to make improvements or make you feel bad instead.
Halloween study - Bowl of *take only one* candy. One with a mirror and one without a mirror. Significantly more kids stole candy when no mirror was present. The ones with the mirror were more self-aware of themselves. |
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(Social Self) : Describe Self-Regulation. How is it a limited inner resource?
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Self-Regulation - The processes by which we seek to control or alter our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and urges in order to live an acceptable social life. Basically self control.
ex) Dieting, drinking moderately, exercise, safe sex. It is seen as limited in a sense that it stresses a reservoir or muscle. Regulating yourself fatigues it with each use, making it difficult to resist future urges. |
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(Social Self) : Describe Positive Illusions (about self) and optimism. How can it enhance self-esteem? Give an example.
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Positive illusions - Feeling better than the average person.
Thinking you're not going to get divorced or be in a traffic accident. |
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(Social Self) : Describe Self-Serving Beliefs. How can it enhance self-esteem? Give an example.
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Self-Serving Beliefs - Inflated memories, self-enhancing attributions. Having biased memories.
Thinking everybody liked you in highs cool or that you achieved great grades |
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(Social Self) : Describe Implicit Egotism. How can it enhance self-esteem? Give an example.
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Implicit egotism - Unconscious expression of self-esteem, such as evaluating letters within your name more favorably.
When being asked to explicitly describe yourself, it could boost self esteem by having it "out there" instead of in your head |
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(Social Self) : Describe Self-Handicapping. How can it enhance self-esteem? Give an example.
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Blaming your own personal performances on things other than yourself in order to build an excuse for anticipated failure.
ex) My dog ate my homework, my printer stopped working, the referee is biased, |
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(Social Self) : Describe Basking in Reflected Glory/Cutting Off Reflected Failure. How can it enhance self-esteem? Give an example.
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You bask in reflected glory by hanging out with successful people and cut of reflected failure by ignoring unsuccessful people.
The other person's glory "reflects" off them to you, making you think you're important. |
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(Social Self) : Describe Downward Social Comparison. How can it enhance self-esteem? Give an example.
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Downward social comparison - Defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we are.
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(Social Self) : Describe Self Presentation.
Describe Self-Verification. What is the difference between Strategic Self-Presentation (including self-promotion and intigration) and Self Verification? |
Self-verifcation - The want to be known and understood by others according to their firmly held beliefs and feelings about themselves
Strategic Self-Presentation - Shaping others impressions of you to gain influence, power, sympathy, or approval. -Self-promotion -Ingratiation - Lying to make people like you. Saying someone's ugly tie is beautiful... Self-Verification - Desire to have other people as you percieve yourself--keepin it real |
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(Social Self) : What is the distinction between a person high in private self-consciousness and a person high in public self-consciousness?
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Differs in the ways we reduce self-discrepancies. People are motivated to meet either their own standards or the standards held for them by significant others.
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(Social Self) : What is the distinction between a person high in self-monitoring and a person who is a low self-monitor?
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High self-monitors are more flexible in dealing with various types of situations, but may come off as less genuine people. Often associated with public self-consciousness.
Low self-monitors are more concerned with self-verification and show consistent behavior. May lead to difficult social situations but you come off more genuine and possibly more enlightened. |
