Skin And Wound Diseases

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Characteristics: Gram (+) bacillus, spore forming, anaerobic.
Bacteria: Clostridium tetani
S/S: tetany (muscle spasms), lock jaw.
-Vaccine available, requires boosters q 10 years.
-80-90% fatal

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Tetanus

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name of tetanus toxin

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tetanospasmin

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Characteristics: gram (+), catalase positive, staphylococci, aureus.
S/S: impetigo, boils; rare: pnx with 80% fatality, infrequently causes osetomyelitis

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Staphylococcus aureus

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Differiental test to tell if bacteria is S. epidermidis or S. Aureus; only S. Aureus can coagulate the clotting factors in plasma

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coagulase

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A surface protein of S. aureus that binds human Abs by the Fc end resulting in bacterium that appears on the surface to be the host (prevents acquired immunity from developing)

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protein A

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Toxins produced by S. aureus that destroy RBCs

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hemolysins

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Toxins produced by S. aureus that destroy WBCs

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leukocidin

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Enzyme secreted by S. aureus that clots the blood near infected site to form abscess

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coagulase

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Enzyme secreted by S. aureus that protects the bacteria from lysosomal reactive O2 compounds

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Catalase

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term for pus forming

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pyogenic

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Toxin secreted by some strains of S. aureus that causes desquamaton or denuding; common in newborns; aka scalded skin syndrome

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exfoliatin

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Characteristics: Gram (+) bacillus, spore former, anaerobe.
Bacteria: Bacillus anthracis
S/S: hemorrhaging, boils and bloody diarrhea
-Only a few US cases a year (cattle to human)
-80% mortality rate
-vaccine available

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Anthrax

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3 qualities that make Anthrax primary candidate for biological warfare

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1. survival in nature (100 years in soil)
2. potential for spread (billions of spores easily)
3. severity of infection resulting from exposure

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Characteristics: Rod shaped, doesn't stain by Gram's, slowest advancing of all bacterial diseases known
Bacteria: Mycobacterium leprae
S/S: hypersensitivity, destroys neurons, bone and skin, lesions
TX: dapsone for 2+ years
-Incubation time of 2-10 years

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Hansen's disease aka leprosy

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Form of leprosy in which hypersensitivity does not develop; organisms multiply to great numbers in mucous and tissues

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lepromatous leprosy

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What is the only way to cx M. leprae?

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By using the nine-banded armadillo as a host

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Characteristics: Gram (+) bacillus, anaerobe, spore forming
Bacteria: C. perfingens
S/S: lesion that become green and then black, distinct odor
TX: amputation

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gas gangrene

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Characteristics: B-hemolytic, Group D strep, normal flora of gut
Bacteria: E. faecalis
Causes of infection: intestinal perferation, GSW.
-Highly resistant to ABT (think VRE)

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Enterococcus faecalis

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What percentage of people in the hospital are carriers of staph?

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30-50%

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How are pyogenic staph infections primarily treated

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by draining the pus

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How stable to temp is S. aureus?

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Neither freezing nor food warming will kill it

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Characteristics: large virion c mutilayered surface, complex structure, DNA, only virus eradicated, concern for bioterrism
-downfall of Roman empire and Aztecs
-historically death rate of 50%

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Small pox

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Characteristics: bullet shaped virions, enveloped, RNA, transmitted from rabid animals
S/S: initially tingling at bite site, fever, headaches, hydrophobia
TX: vaccination even p bite
-targets CNS
-s/s can take 6wks to several months to show, but death is inevitable when s/s present.

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Rabies

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black inclusions in the brain tissue of an animal that indicates rabies infection

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negri bodies

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Characteristics: naked virions, DNA virus
Virus: papilloma
TX: surgical removal, freezing with nitrogen
-70 types of papilloma now known

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Warts

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Characteristics: enveloped virions, icosahedral nucleocapsid, DNA, hallmark of latency and recurrence, numerous variations

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Herpes viruses

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Primary infection consists of gingivostomatities; herpes labialis in the recurrent infections; most children infected by age 5; 95 % of all people infected with 20% having recurrent disease

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Herpes Simplex I (HSV I)

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Three things that can cause cold sores r/t HSV I

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stress, UV light, some cosmetics

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Latent viral infection of the eye.
S/S: gritty sensation, conjunctivitis, sensitivity to light and sharp pain

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Herpes keratitis

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Herpes that infects the brain; can cause brain disorders and death

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Herpes encephalitis

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HSV infection common in wrestlers from mat burns

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Herpes gladitorium

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S/S include high fever for 3-5 days with a rash called roseola occurring in 10% of cases; sz in 1%,90 % of children have been infected by age 2; transmission: saliva

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Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV6)

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HHV6 primarily infects what two cells of the immune system?

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T lymphocytes and macrophages (latent in macrophages)

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strongly associated with Kaposi's sarcoma; isolated from saliva and semen; primarily found in homosexual males

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Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV8)

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Where do herpes viruses replicate?

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In cell's nucleus

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Term for skin diseases caused by fungus

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mycoses

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Term for fungus that cause skin diseases

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dermatophytes

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Characteristics: molds, cause chronic infections, infect external skin (hair and nails too)
Molds: Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton
S/S: round raised areas with intense itching

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Ringworm

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ringworm of foot

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tinea pedis aka athlete's foot

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ringworm of hair/scalp

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tinea capitis

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ringworm of groin

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tinea cruris aka jock itch

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ringworm of nails

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tinea unguium

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Characteristics: yeast, acute onset, may become chronic, infects mucosal surfaces
Fungus: candida
-confirmed by sugar fermentation
-present in normal flora
-common after broad spectrum ABT

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Candidiasis

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Characteristics: dimorphic fungus
Fungus: Sporothrix schenkii
S/S: purplish, pus-filled lesions at site, progress up lymphatic drainages
TX: potassium iodide
-grows on plants, wood, and straw, infects through puncture wounds

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Sporotrichosis aka rose thorn disease