Skeletal Tissue

Front 1

What are the functions of bones?

Back 1

Support, protection, assistance in movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, triglyceride storage.

Front 2

How do bones support the body?

Back 2

Structural framework for the body, supports soft tissues and provides points of attachment for tendons and muscles.

Front 3

Trabecular Patterns.

Back 3

Lamellae arranged in an irregular latticework of thin plates of bone.

Front 4

How do bones protect the body?

Back 4

Protects internal organs from injury.

Front 5

How do bones assist in movement?

Back 5

When muscles contract they pull on the bones to produce movement.

Front 6

What is mineral homeostasis?

Back 6

The function of bones to store several minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, which strengthen bones; releases minerals into the bloodstream to maintain critical mineral balances and to distribute to other organs.

Front 7

Where are blood cells produced?

Back 7

within certain parts of bones, red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets by hemopoiesis.

Front 8

What is hemopoiesis?

Back 8

Formation of blood cells in the body.

Front 9

Triglyceride Storage (function of bones)

Back 9

Newborn bone marrow is all red; with increasing age, production decreases and the bone marrow turns yellow. Consists primarily of adipocytes.

Front 10

What are the four types of Bone Cells

Back 10

Osteogenic cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts.

Front 11

Osteogenic Cells

Back 11

Unspecialized cells derived from mesenchyme. Only bone cells that undergo cell division; develop into osteoblasts. Found in the inner layer of the periosteum, in the endosteum and the canals of bone that contains blood vessels.

Front 12

Osteoblasts

Back 12

Bone-building cells. Secrete some of the organic components and mineral salts needed in bone formation.

Front 13

Osteocytes

Back 13

Mature bone cells, the principal cells of bone tissue. Maintain daily cellular activites of bone tissue.

Front 14

Osteoclasts

Back 14

Huge cells that develop from fusion of moncytes. (WBC's; up to 50 cells may fuse). They function in the resorption of bone, which is important in the development, growth, maintenance and repair of bone.

Front 15

What are the structures of Long Bones?

Back 15

Diaphysis, Epiphysis, Metaphysis, Articular Cartilage, Periosteum, Compact Bone, and Spongy Bone.

Front 16

Diaphysis

Back 16

The shaft or body; long main portion of bone; the area where bone grows in width.

Front 17

Medullary cavity

Back 17

Space within the diaphysis that contains the fatty yellow bone marrow.

Front 18

Endosteum

Back 18

Membrane that contains bone forming cells that line the medullary cavity.

Front 19

Epiphysis

Back 19

The ends of long bone; the area where bone grows in length.

Front 20

Metaphysis

Back 20

Regions, in mature bone, where the diaphysis joins the epiphysis. In growing bone, it is the region including the epiphyseal plate, where cartilage is reinforced and then replaced by bone.

Front 21

Articular Cartilage

Back 21

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis where bone forms a joint with another bone. Reduces friction and absorbs shock.

Front 22

Periosteum

Back 22

A tough dense connective tissue that surrounds the surface of bone where it's not covered by articulating surfaces.

Front 23

What is the function of the Periosteum?

Back 23

Essential for bone growth, protection, repair, and nutrition. Serves as a point of attachment for ligaments and tendons.

Front 24

What are the two layers of the Periosteum?

Back 24

Fibrous layer and the Osteogenic Layer.

Front 25

Fibrous Layer.

Back 25

Outer layer of connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves that pass into bone.

Front 26

Osteogenic Layer

Back 26

Contains elastic fibers, blood vessels and bone cells; provides nourishment and assists in fracture repairs.

Front 27

Compact Bone

Back 27

Dense outer layer of all bones. Provides protection, support and resists the stresses produced by weight and movement.

Front 28

Spongy Bone

Back 28

Found deep inside Compact Bone. Contains spaces, which makes bone lighter. Filled with red or yellow bone marrow which is responsible for blood cell formation.

Front 29

When does bone formation begin?

Back 29

Begins the 6th to 7th week of embryonic life and continues throughout adulthood.

Front 30

Embryonic Connective Tissue

Back 30

provides the template for the ossification of bone later in life.

Front 31

What are the two methods of bone formation?

Back 31

Intramembranous Ossification and Endochondral Ossification.

Front 32

Intramembranous Ossification

Back 32

The simpler and most direct method of bone formation. Osteoblasts cluster at different sites in a fibrous membrane. Osteoblasts secrete organic matrix of bone. Mineral salts are deposited (calcification). Spongy bone is formed and the ossification centers later fuse together.

Front 33

What bones are created with Intramembranous Ossification?

Back 33

Skull bones, mandible, and the clavicles are formed this way.

Front 34

Endochondral ossification.

Back 34

The replacement of cartilage by bone.

Front 35

What occurs during Endochondral Ossification?

Back 35

Perichondrium forms osteogenic cells. Periosteum develops and osteoblasts deposit compact bone. Cartilage center becomes Vascularized. Osteoblasts invade diaphysis and form the primary center of ossification for spongy bone development in the diaphysis. Process continues toward the epiphysis. Resorption of spongy bone in diaphysis leads to formation of medullary cavity. Blood vessels enter the epiphysis and the secondary center of ossification develops at the ends of bone. A cartilage bond is maintained between the two centers of ossification called the epiphyseal disk plate. This region is where bone grows in length.

Front 36

What are the steps of Bone Fracture Repair?

Back 36

Fracture Hematoma, Fibrocartilaginous Callus, Boney Callus, Remodeling.

Front 37

Fracture Hematoma

Back 37

A blood clot that usually occurs 6-8 hours after the fracture due to torn blood vessels at the site. Blood flow stops when this hematoma forms, which causes bone cell death at the fracture.

Front 38

Fibrocartilaginous Callus

Back 38

Lasts about 3 weeks. Blood capillaries grow into the fracture hematoma and results in granulation tissue, now called a procallus. Fibroblasts and osteagenic cells invade the procallus. The osteogenic cells develop into chondroblasts to produce fibrocartilage, and the procallus is transformed into a fibrocartilaginous Callus.

Front 39

Callus

Back 39

A callus is a mass of repair tissue that bridges the broken ends of the bone.

Front 40

Chondroblasts

Back 40

Osteogenic cells develop into these to produce fibrocartilage

Front 41

Bony Callus

Back 41

Lasts about 3-4 months. In areas closer to healthy bone, the osteogenic cells become osteoblasts, which begin to produce spongy bone. In time the fibrocartilage is converted to spongy bone, then called a bony callus.

Front 42

Remodeling (bone fracture)

Back 42

The final phase of bone fracture healing, where osteoclasts absorb dead bone cells and compact bone replaces spongy bone.

Front 43

What are the types of bones?

Back 43

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid.

Front 44

Long Bones

Back 44

Greater in length than width: femur and humerus

Front 45

Short Bones

Back 45

Cube-like with their lengths and widths roughly equal; wrist and ankle bones.

Front 46

Flat Bones

Back 46

Plate-like structures with parallel sides: ribs and scapula

Front 47

Irregular Bones

Back 47

Variety of shapes: vertebrae and facial bones.

Front 48

Sesamoid

Back 48

Small rounded bones that occur in tendons adjacent to joints: Patella

Front 49

What are the types of Surface Markings?

Back 49

Fissure, foramen, meatus, Groove or Sulcus, Fossa, Condyle, Head, Facet, Tubercle, Tuberosity, Trochanter, Crest, Spinous Process, Epicondyle.

Front 50

Fissure

Back 50

A narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass.

Front 51

Foramen

Back 51

An opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass.

Front 52

Meatus

Back 52

A tube like opening, running within a bone.

Front 53

Groove or Sulcus

Back 53

A furrow that contains a blood vessel, nerve or tendon.

Front 54

Fossa

Back 54

A shallow depression on a bone.

Front 55

Condyle

Back 55

A large rounded prominence at the end of a bone.

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Head (bone)

Back 56

A rounded articular projection supported on the neck of a bone.

Front 57

Facet

Back 57

A smooth, flat articular surface.

Front 58

Tubercle

Back 58

A small, rounded projection

Front 59

Tuberosity

Back 59

A large, rounded, roughened projection.

Front 60

Trochanter

Back 60

A very large blunt projection.

Front 61

Crest (bone)

Back 61

A prominent ridge or elongated projection.

Front 62

Spinous process

Back 62

A sharp, slender process

Front 63

Epicondyle

Back 63

A prominence above a condyle.

Front 64

What are the divisions of the skeletal system?

Back 64

Axial Skeleton and the Appendicular Skeleton.

Front 65

How many bones are in the Axial Skeleton.

Back 65

80 bones.

Front 66

What bones are included in the Axial Skeleton.

Back 66

Skull, Hyoid, Auditory Ossicles, Vertebral Column, and Thorax.

Front 67

How many bones are in the Appendicular Skeleton?

Back 67

126 bones.

Front 68

What bones are included in the Appendicular Skeleton?

Back 68

Should girdle (clavicle and scapula), upper extremities (humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges), pelvic girdle, and lower extremities (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal's, metatarsals, and phalanges.