Bones And Skeletal Tissue Powerpoint

Front 1

Perichondrium

Back 1

dense irregular connective tissue surrounding skeletal cartilage

Front 2

What are the three types of skeletal cartilages?

Back 2

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

Front 3

Hyaline cartilage

Back 3

-the most abundant skeletal cartilage
-includes the articular, costal, respiratory, and nasal cartilages

Front 4

Elastic cartilage

Back 4

-more flexible than hyaline
-located in the external ear, the epiglottis of the larynx, and the eustachian (auditory) tube.

Front 5

Fibrocartilage

Back 5

-located in areas that must withstand a great deal of pressure or stretch
-ex) the knee(menisci), and the intervertebral discs

Front 6

Fibrocartilage in the menisci of the knee

Back 6

Front 7

Hyaline cartilage covers the articular surfaces of bones

Back 7

Front 8

costal cartilages made up of hyaline

Back 8

Front 9

What are the two main divisions of the bones of the skeleton?

Back 9

The axial skeleton
The appendicular skeleton

Front 10

What does the axial skeleton division consists of?

Back 10

the skull
the vertebral column
the rib cage

Front 11

What does the appendicular skeleton division consists of ?

Back 11

-the bones of the upper and lower limbs
-the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton

Front 12

Long Bones
(structural classification of bones)

Back 12

-longer than they are wide
-have a definite shaft and two ends
-consist of all limb bones except the patellas, carpals, and tarsals

Front 13

Short Bones
(structural classification of bones)

Back 13

-somewhat cube-shaped
-include the carpals and tarsals

Front 14

Flat Bones
(structural classification of bones)

Back 14

-thin, flattened, often curved bones
-include most skull bones, the sternum, scapulae, and ribs

Front 15

Irregular Bones
(structural classification of bones)

Back 15

-complicated shapes that do not fit in any other class
-such as the vertebrae and coxae

Front 16

Sesamoid bones
(structural classification of bones)

Back 16

-"extra" bones that develop in tendons or near joints esp in feet and hands
-including patellas(the only sesamoid bones consistently present in skeleton)

Front 17

The 5 types of structural classification of bones

Back 17

1) Long Bones
2) Short Bones
3) Flat Bones
4) Irregular Bones
5) Sesamoid Bones

Front 18

What are the 5 functions of bones?

Back 18

1) support the body and cradle the soft organs
2) protect vital organs
3) allow movement
4) store minerals such as calcium and phosphate
5) house hematopoietic tissue in specific marrow cavities

Front 19

What are bone markings?

Back 19

They are projections, depressions, and openings found on the surface of bones.

Front 20

What is the function of bone markings?

Back 20

They function as sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment, as joint surfaces, and as openings for the passage of blood vessels and nerves.

Front 21

Compact Bone

Back 21

-All bone has a dense outer layer consisting of compact bone
-appears smooth and solid

Front 22

Spongy Bone

Back 22

-internal to compact bone is spongy bone
-consists of trabeculae

Front 23

Trabeculae

Back 23

-honeycomb, needle-like, or flat pieces of bone

Front 24

What is the word for joint?

Back 24

Articulation

Front 25

What do articular cartilage prevent?

Back 25

It prevents bones from scraping against one another.

Front 26

Osteoarthritis

Back 26

-degeneration of the articular cartilage

Front 27

What makes bone tissue hard?

Back 27

Calcium

Front 28

Structure of a typical long bone
(5 Key Points to Know)
1st Point

Back 28

-Long bones have a tubular bone shaft
-consists of a bony collar surrounding a hollow medullary cavity
-medullary cavity is filled with yellow bone marrow in adults

Front 29

Structure of a typical long bone
(5 key points to know)
2nd Point

Back 29

-Epiphyses are at the ends of the bone.
-consist of internal spongy bone covered by an outer layer of compact bone

Front 30

Structure of a typical long bone
(5 key points to know)
3rd Point

Back 30

-The epiphyseal line (or scar) is located between the epiphyses and diaphysis
-It is a remnant of the epiphyseal plate(growth plate)

Front 31

Structure of a typical long bone
(5 key point to know)
4th Point

Back 31

-The external surface of the bone is covered by the periosteum

Front 32

Periosteum

Back 32

connective tissue membrane covering the external surface of the bone

Front 33

Structure of a typical long bone
(5 key points to know)
5th Point

Back 33

The internal surface of the bone is lined by the endosteum

Front 34

Endosteum

Back 34

connective tissue membrane lining the internal surface of the bone

Front 35

Structure of the Long Bone

Back 35

Front 36

What is hematopoietic tissue?

Back 36

Red bone marrow

Front 37

Where is hematopoietic tissue located?

Back 37

-within the trabecular cavities of the spongy bone in flat bones
-in the epiphyses of long bones

Front 38

Location of hematopoietic tissue in adults vs infants

Back 38

-in infants, it is found in all flat bones, epiphyses, and medullary cavities
-in adults, it is only found in flat bones and the proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur

Front 39

Internal structure of Bone

Back 39

Front 40

Osteon or Haversian system
(anatomy of bone)

Back 40

Structural unit of compact bone

Front 41

What does the osteon or Haversian system consist of?

Back 41

-concentric tubes of bone matrix (the lamellae) that surrounds a central Haversian canal

Front 42

What is the function of the central Haversian canal.

Back 42

It serves as a passageway for blood vessels and nerves

Front 43

Another name for Perforating Canals

Back 43

Volkmann's Canals

Front 44

Function of Volkmann's canals

Back 44

Connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the central canals and medullary cavity
(Anatomy of Bone)

Front 45

Where are osteocytes located?
(anatomy of bone)

Back 45

-occupy lacunae at the junctions of the lamellae

Front 46

What is canaliculi?

Back 46

series of hair-like channels used to connect osteocytes and the central canal

Front 47

Anatomy of Comact Bone

Back 47

Front 48

Photo of Haversian System

Back 48

Front 49

Locate the following:
-lamellae
-canaliculi
-osteocyte
-haversian canal

Back 49

Front 50

Where are circumferential lamellae located?
(anatomy of bone)

Back 50

-just beneath the periosteum
-extends around the entire circumference of the bone

Front 51

Where are interstitial lamellae located?
(anatomy of bone)

Back 51

-they lie between intact osteons, filling the spaces in between

Front 52

Spongy bone lacks ______ but has ______ that align along lines of stress, which contain ______ lamellae.

Back 52

osteons; trabeculae; irregular

Front 53

This microscopic image of bone tissue shows circumferential lamellae

Back 53

Front 54

Notice the trabeculae in spongy bone

Back 54

Front 55

What are the cells included in the organic components of bone?

Back 55

osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

Front 56

What is osteoid?

Back 56

ground substance and collagen fibers that are the organic components of bone

Front 57

Organic components of bone include _____ and _____, which contribute to the flexibility and tensile strength of bone.

Back 57

cells; osteoid

Front 58

hydroxyapatite

Back 58

-mineral salt that is largely calcium phosphate
-inorganic component of bone

Front 59

What accounts for the hardness and compression resistance of bone?

Back 59

Inorganic components that make up 65% of bone by mass and consist of hydroxyapatite

Front 60

Photo of hydroxyapatite

Back 60

Front 61

What are the two ways bone develops?

Back 61

1) Intramembranous ossification
2) endochondral ossification

Front 62

Intramembranous ossification

Back 62

-Bones form within fibrous connective tissue membranes.
-The cranial bones and clavicles develop in this way

Front 63

Endochondral ossification

Back 63

-Hyaline cartilage models are laid down first
-Then they are replace by calcified bony matrix
-All bones below the skull are developed this way except for the clavicles

Front 64

Osteoporotic Bone
(zoomed view)

Back 64

Front 65

Normal Bone
(zoomed view)

Back 65

Front 66

Osteoporotic Bone

Back 66

Front 67

Normal Bone

Back 67

Front 68

Osteoclast (photo)

Back 68

Front 69

Photo of epiphyseal plates replaced with epiphyseal lines when growth in height is completed

Back 69

Front 70

Photo of epiphyseal plates when growth is not complete

Back 70

Front 71

Fetal skull showing fontanel between the frontal and parietal bones

Back 71

Front 72

What is the function of fontanels?

Back 72

-allows the skull to compress slightly during birth to allow the baby to fit through the birth canal
-enables the skull to grow large as the child grows

Front 73

What are the epiphyseal plates made up of?

Back 73

Hyaline cartilage

Front 74

What occurs at epiphyseal plates?

Back 74

-places where long bones grow in lenght
-ex) tibia and femur

Front 75

What replaces epiphyseal plates when growth in height is complete?

Back 75

epiphyseal lines

Front 76

Osteogenic Zone

Back 76

Growth in lenght of long boness occurs in this zone

Front 77

How is the growth in lenght of long bones done at the osteogenic zone?

Back 77

Through endochondral growth

Front 78

What is endochondral growth?

Back 78

1st-rapid division of the upper cells in the columns of chondrocytes
2nd-calcification and deterioration of cartilage at the bottom of the columns
3rd-subsequent replacement by bone tissue

Front 79

What is appositional growth?

Back 79

-growth in width or thickness
-occurs due to the deposition of bone matrix by osteoblasts beneath the periosteum

Front 80

What are the 3 most common places where you are going to have fractures if you have osteoporosis?

Back 80

-wrist
-hip
-vertebra

Front 81

What is the most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?

Back 81

growth hormone

Front 82

Where is the growth hormone from?

Back 82

anterior pituitary

Front 83

At puberty, what promotes growth spurt and induces the closure of the epiphyseal plate?

Back 83

testosterone and estrogen

Front 84

The growth hormone's effects are modulated by the _______ hormone.

Back 84

Thyroid

Front 85

What are osteoblasts?

Back 85

bone forming cells

Front 86

What are osteoclasts?

Back 86

cells that break down bone

Front 87

Bone remodeling is a balance of __________ and __________.

Back 87

bone deposit; removal

Front 88

What allows minerals of degraded bone matrix to move into blood?

Back 88

bone resorption

Front 89

Bone deposit occurs at a greater rate when bone is ________.

Back 89

injured

Front 90

Explain, what does bone do in response to mechanical stress and gravity?

Back 90

It grows or remodels in ways that allow it to withstand the stresses it experiences.

Front 91

What is osteoporosis?

Back 91

a group of disorders in which the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of formation

Front 92

What occurs when bone mass is reduced?

Back 92

the bones become more porous and lighter, which increases the likelihood of fractures

Front 93

Bones have normal bone matrix in persons with osteoporosis.
True or False

Back 93

True
Bone matrix is normal, but bone mass is reduced.

Front 94

What causes older women to be especially vulnerable to osteoporosis?

Back 94

the decline in estrogen after menopause

Front 95

List some factors that contribute to osteoporosis.

Back 95

-petite body form
-insufficient exercise
-immobility
-diet poor in calcium and vitamin D
-abnormal vitamin D receptors
-smoking
-certain hormone-related conditions

Front 96

What test can be performed after a certain age to help detect osteoporosis?

Back 96

Bone mineral density test

Front 97

Adults have ______ bone marrow and children have ______ bone marrow.

Back 97

yellow; red