Skeletal System

Front 1

Skeletal System

Back 1

Support and protect softer tissues, provide points of attachments for muscles, house blood-producing cells, and store inorganic salts.

Front 2

Long bones

Back 2

Has long longitudinal axes and expanded ends.

Ex: Thigh, forearm

Front 3

Short bones

Back 3

Somewhat cubelike, with roughly equal lengths and widths.

Ex: Wrists, ankles

Front 4

Sesamoid bone (Round)

Back 4

Special type of short bone. Usually small and nodular and develops within a tendon or adjacent to a joint.

Ex: Patella

Front 5

Flat bones

Back 5

Platelike structures with broad surfaces.

Ex: Ribs, scapulae, and some bones of the skull

Front 6

Irregular bones

Back 6

Connected to several other bones.

Ex: vertebrae in the backbone, facial bones

Front 7

Epiphysis

Back 7

At the end of a long bone. Forms a joint with another bone.

The epiphysis that is nearest the attachment to the trunk of the body is proximal. Farther away is distal.

Front 8

Articular cartilage

Back 8

The articulating portion coated with a layer of hyaline cartilige.

Front 9

Diaphysis

Back 9

Shaft of the bone between the epiphysis

Front 10

Periosteum

Back 10

Tough covering of dense connective tissue. Encloses the whole bone, except for the articular cartilage on the bone's ends. Firmly attached to the bone, and periosteal fibers are continous with the connecting ligaments and tendons.

Front 11

Compact bone (Cortical)

Back 11

Wall of the diaphysis composed of tightly packed tissue.

Front 12

Spongy bone (Cancellous)

Back 12

thin layers of compact bone on their surfaces.

Front 13

Trabeculae

Back 13

Numerous branching bony plates

Front 14

Medullary Cavity

Back 14

Compact bone in the diaphysis of a long bone forms a tube with ah ollow chamber.

Front 15

Endosteum

Back 15

Thin layer of cells and are a specialized type of soft connective tissue called marrow.

Front 16

Osteocytes

Back 16

Bone cells that occupy small bony chambers called lacunae which form circles around the central canals.

They exchange substances with nearby cells by means of cellular processes passing through canaliculi.

Front 17

Intramembranous bones

Back 17

Flat bones of the skull.

During development, membranelike layers of unspecialized or relatively undifferentiated, connective tissues appear at the sites of future bones.

Front 18

Osteoblasts

Back 18

Deposit bony matrix around themselves, forming spongy bone tissue in all directions within the layers of connective tissues.

Front 19

Endochondral Bones

Back 19

Develops in the fetus from masses of hyaline cartilage shaped like future bony structures.

In the long bone, changes begin in the center of the diaphysis, where cartilage slowly breaks down and disappears.

Front 20

Epiphyseal Plate

Back 20

Band of cartilage.

Cartilaginous tissue of the epiphyseal plate includes layers of young cells that are undergoing mitosis and producing new cells.

Front 21

Osteoclasts

Back 21

Breaks down the calcified extracellular matrix.

Originate in the bone marrow when certain single nucleated white blood cells fuse.

Secrete acid that dissolves the inorganic component of the calcified matrix.

Front 22

Bone function

Back 22

Shape, support, and protect body structures. Also helps aid body movements, house tissue that produces blood cells, and stores inorganic salts

Front 23

Support an dProtection

Back 23

Bones give shape to structures such as the head, face, thorax, and limbs.

The backbone provides support for the backbone and the body weight.

Front 24

Body Movement

Back 24

Levers - has four basic components: rigid bar or rod, fulcrum or pivot, object moved against resistance, and a force that supplies energy for that movement.

Front 25

Axial Skeleton

Back 25

Consists of the bony and cartilaginous parts that support the head, neck, and trunk.

Front 26

Skull

Back 26

Composed of the cranium, or brain case, and facial bones

Front 27

Hyoid bone

Back 27

Located in the neck between the lower jaw and larynx. Support the tongue and is an attachment for certain muscles that help move the tongue during swallowing.

Front 28

Vertebral column

Back 28

Consists of many vertebrae separated by cartilaginous invertebral discs.

Five vertebrae form the sacrum and parts of the pelvis.

Four fused vertebrae compose the coccyx

Front 29

Thoracic cage

Back 29

Protects the organs of the thoracic cavity.

Has 12 pairs of ribs, which articulate posteriorly with the thoracic vertebrae.

Also includes the sternum

Front 30

Appendicular Skeleton

Back 30

Consists of bones of the upper and lower limbs and the bones that anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton

Front 31

Pectoral Girdle

Back 31

Formed by the scapula (shoulder) and a clavicle (collarbone) bilaterally.

Connects the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and aids upper limb movements

Front 32

Upper limbs

Back 32

Consists of the humerus, two forearm bones, and the ulna.

Distal ends are 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, and 14 phalanges.

Front 33

Pelvic Girdle

Back 33

Formed by two hip bones and attached to each other anteriorly and to the sacrum posteriorly.

Connects the bones to the lower limbs to the axial skeleton and with the sacrum, coccyx, which form the pelvis.

Front 34

Lower Limbs

Back 34

Composed of the femur, tibia, and fibula.

The femur and tibia articulate with each other at the knee joint, where the patella covers the anterior surface.

There are 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, and 14 phalanges

Front 35

Cranium

Back 35

protects and encloses the brain. Provides attachments for muscles that make chewing and head movements possible.

Front 36

Frontal Bone

Back 36

Forms the anterior portion of the skull above the eyes.

Maked by a supraorbital foramen through which blood vessels and nerves pass to the tissues of the forehead

Front 37

Parietal Bones

Back 37

Located on each side of the skull behind the frontal bone.

Front 38

Occipital Bone

Back 38

Joins the parietal bones along the labdoid suture. Forms the back of the skull and base of the cranium. The lower surface is the foreamen magnum where nerve fibers from the brain enter the vertebral canal.

Front 39

Temporal Bone

Back 39

On each side of the skull and joins the parietal bone. forms the part of the sides and base of the cranium.

External acoustic meatus - leads inward to parts of the ear

Mandibular fossa - articulate with condyles of the mandible.

Front 40

Sphenoid bone

Back 40

Wedged between other bones in the anterior portion of the cranium. Helps form the base of the cranium.

Sella turcica - saddle shaped bone

Front 41

Ethmoid bone

Back 41

located in the front of the sphenoid bone. consists of two masses.

Front 42

Vertebral Column

Back 42

Extends from the skull to the pelvis and forms the vertical axis of the skeleton.

Vertebrae - separated by masses of fibrocartilage called intervertebral discs and are connected by other ligaments

Front 43

Cervical Vertebrae

Back 43

Composed of the body axis of the neck.

Front 44

Atlas

Back 44

Supports the head

Front 45

Thoracic Vertebrae

Back 45

Larger than cervical vertebrae. 12.

Front 46

Scapulae

Back 46

Broad, triangular bones located on either side of the upper back.

Acromion process articulates wit hthe clavicle and provides attachments for the muscles of the upper limb and chest.

Coracoid process curves anteriorly and inferiorly. It also provides attachments for upper limb and chest.

Front 47

Humerus

Back 47

Long bone that extends from the scapula to the elbow.

Front 48

Radius

Back 48

Located on the thumb side of the forearm.

Extends from the elbow to the wrist and crosses over the ulna when the hand is turned so that the palm faces backward.

Front 49

Ulna

Back 49

Longer than the radius and overlaps the end of the humerus posteriorly.

Distal end of the ulna has a knoblike head that articulates laterally wit hthe notch of the radius.

Front 50

Hand

Back 50

Made up the wrist, palm, and fingers.

has 8 carpal bones that are firmly bound in two rows of four bones each. The compat mass is called the carpus.

Carpus articulates with the radius and with the fibrocartilaginous disc on the ulnar side.

Front 51

Metacarpal bones

Back 51

forms the framework of the palm or metacarpus of the hand.