Semantics

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semantics

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study of linguistic meaning: understanding grammar

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MAK Halliday generalization

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symbols move from names for specific things to names for classes

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MAK Halliday interaction between language and communication

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incorporate successful acts

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MAK Halliday construe multiple perspectives

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use language form to represent/focus on different aspects and relationships of meaning

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MAK Halliday abstraction

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moving away from the directly experienced to the mental

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compositionality of meaning

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an assumption that may or may not be useful

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analytic sentences

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true by definition; internal logic confirms truth

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contradictory sentences

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false by definition; internal logic falsifies the sentence

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synthetic truth

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sentences that require synthesis with "facts;" requires additional work to verify

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entailment

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unidirectional; when something can be assumed to be true as a logical result of a sentence; a truth that attaches to the sentence's truth; something that sentences have

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presupposition

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things we need to assume are true to judge the truth of a proposition

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constancy under negation

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assumed by people; a presupposition stays if the sentence is made negative; something people have

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presupposition triggers

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a linguistic form that makes a person assume something related to the proposition

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factive verbs

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presupposes the truth i.e. "When will you clean your room" presupposes that you will clean your room

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implicative verbs

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presupposes additional factors i.e. "I managed to get my room clean" presupposes that it was hard

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lexical semantics

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the meaning of words

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sense of a word

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what it is perceived to mean

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synonym

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decomposition looks the same for both terms

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hyponym

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meaning of category included in meaning of members

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meronomy

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part to whole relationship i.e. "leg" and "body"

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metonomy

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words that are associated with something that are used to name that thing i.e. "Bollywood" and "Indian film industry"

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overlapping terms

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not synonyms, hyponyms, meronyms, or metonyms, but related in interesting ways

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antonym

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"the meaning of one term automatically excludes the other"

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binary antonym

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only two options for describing the feature i.e. "dead" and "alive"

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gradable antonym

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opposite ends of a spectrum i.e. "hot" and "cold"

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converse antonym

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depends on perspective and entailment i.e. "above" and "below;" "left" and "right;"

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opposites by convention

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opposites that are not technically antonyms i.e. "liquid" and "solid;" "earth" and "sky;" "sun" and "moon;" "dog" and "cat"

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semantic network

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knowing the various senses, semantic relationships, and co-occurence patterns of a word; a web of meaning with many interconnected nodes

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What are 3 things essential for decoding the locutionary force of a word?

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co-occurence; sense; relationships

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reference

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pointing to things outside of language with language

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referent

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the entity actually denoted (in context)

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extension

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other entities that could be denoted with that term

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prototype

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most typical entity from among the extension

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stereotype

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lexical decomposition of the extension )characteristics associated with the term)

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coreference

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when multiple terms refer to the same entity i.e. "Jimmy Carter" and "former president of the U.S."

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anaphora

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when a term refers to another term that is already part of the discourse i.e. "Bill" and "he"

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deixis

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words with stable meaning that is dependent upon the speaker's perspective i.e. "here" and "there"

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semantic roles

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allows us to discuss that element in a situation; a particular form is "explaining"

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speaker sense

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meaning intended

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Retherford's Semantic Roles
actions

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can be overt or covert, but have to be "perceivable" and "intentional"

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Retherford's Semantic Roles
agents

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doers of actions; can be animate or inanimate

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Retherford's Semantic Roles
objects

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entities (nouns) that receive the force of an action

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Retherford's Semantic Roles
locatives

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where something happened

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Retherford's Semantic Roles
demonstratives

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point out or draw attention to a referent

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Retherford's Semantic Roles
recurrence

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request for more of an action, person, substance; reappearance of an object

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Retherford's Semantic Roles
possessor

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who owns what; the one who controls something

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Retherford's Semantic Roles
quantifier

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how much there is; amount or number

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Retherford's Semantic Roles
experiencer

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who things happen to

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Retherford's Semantic Roles
state

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what happens to things; passive condition of an experiencer

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Retherford's Semantic Roles
recipient

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who gets stuff; one who receives the transfer of an action from one possessor to another

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Retherford's Semantic Roles
beneficiary

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the one for whom something is done

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Retherford's Semantic Roles
comitative

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who participates; the one who is with another in an activity

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Retherford's Semantic Roles
created objects

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things they've made

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Retherford's Semantic Roles
instrument

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tools used to get stuff done; something an agent uses to perform an act

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Retherford's Semantic Roles
entity (one term)

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label something present without including any action and no other semantic roles in the utterance

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Retherford's Semantic Roles
entity (multi term)

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label something present without including any action and has some other semantic roles associated

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Retherford's Semantic Roles
negation

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rejection; disappearance; denial; cessation

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Retherford's Semantic Roles
attributes

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qualities of entities and actions and states i.e. "dirty" diaper; "big" cat; eyes of "azure"

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Retherford's Semantic Roles
adverbials for attributes of actions

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a modifier of an action indicating time, manner, duration, distance, or frequency i.e. "now;" "next time"

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Retherford's Semantic Roles
adverbials for attributes of states

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a modifier of a state indicating time, manner, quality, or intensity i.e. "full;" "today"

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How to measure semantic ability of words understood

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match picture to spoken word

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How to measure semantic ability of actions/entities that can be labeled

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label picture of object or action

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How to measure semantic ability of identifying semantic roles used

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Retherford's system

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How to measure semantic ability of describing the semantic network

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name antonyms, synonyms, categorize, same/different, semantic features, etc.

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How to measure semantic ability of use of extension, sense, reference

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Is communication specific, unambiguous, cohesive, etc.?

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How to measure semantic ability of describing diversity of vocabulary

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How many different words are used?