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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Relationship between John Balliol and Edward I... |
-When John Balliol came to the throne he had had several problems to overcome.
-He was an inexperienced politician and was unprepared for his role as king, but more importantly, Scotland had not had a reigning monarch for six years, and as such, the administrative system was weak.
-The rebellious Western Isles would require a strong hand, the majority of the nobles there did not support the decision to make him king. |
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English Overlordship (Burgess of Berwick)... |
-The burgess of Berwick had a legal complaint and King John upheld the decision prior to him taking the throne. -However, the burgess took his case to Edward's parliament in 1292 and the English King found in his favour, and Balliol was forced to reverse the decision. -This was humiliating as it appeared that Scotland was now subservient to England.
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English Overlordship (The MacDuff case)... |
-Edward also interfered in the Macduff case in 1293, instructing Macduff to appear before him in Westminster.
-When Balliol complained to Edward that he did not have any right to hear the case, Edward threatened to charge Balliol with contempt and appropriate Scottish castles. |
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Balliol's Disdain... |
-Balliol wanted to communicate his disdain and in a letter to Edward reminded the English King of the Treaty of Birgham. -But Edward stated that this was a marriage agreement, and since no union took place, it was void. -Edward went further and forced John to recognise that the safeguards protecting Scottish independence in the treaty and those given to the guardians before Norham, were no longer binding. -Edward treated Balliol as a feudal lordrather than a King. Edward insisted that an Englishman, Master Thomas of Hunsingore, be appointed as chancellor and the role of chamberlain be designated as treasurer, forcing Balliol to follow English practice. -Balliol’s grip on the Scottish throne was not secure. Some historians argued that he needed English support in order to counter the threat from the Bruce family.
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Relationship with France... |
-During 1294, Edward made preparations to go to war with France. Edward called upon his feudal lords and Balliol was instructed to fight for the English. -The idea of a Scottish King fighting for an English one was outrageous, it was even worse that Scotland had to combat France because they had forged close economic links. Furthermore, Scottish nobles had to pay more tax to finance this war.
-In order to assemble some form of focused resistance against Edward I, Scottish representatives were sent to France. -At the beginning of 1296 a military and diplomatic alliance treaty was signed between Scotland and France, which became known as the 'Auld Alliance'. |
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Berwick (1296)... |
-Edward was not best pleased with the 'Auld Alliance' and his invasion can be seen as a response to the Scots failing to serve in his military and signing a treaty with France.
-Berwick was well prepared for conflict; defences were strengthened and the garrison was bolstered with troops added from Lothian and Fife.
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Berwick (continued)... |
-The Scots were able to gather 10,000 men, but it is important to note that the majority of them were conscripts. But Scotland did have nobles and trained retainers willing to fight and so the army’s morale was high. They invaded England and put the Northern Counties to the torch. -Edward I, retaliated. Along with his troops he crossed the River Tweed on March, 12, 1296. -He offered the people of Berwick three days to surrender, but the Scottish people within the town taunted Edward, which enraged him and he ordered his troops to attack, ordering that no-one should be spared. Berwick was overrun and sacked, then was repopulated with English people from Northumbria. |
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The Battle of Dunbar... |
-Earl Warenne of Surrey was dispatched to secure Dunbar castle. The earl had already agreed to hand over the keys, but his wife, a Comyn, gave possession of the castle to the Scots during her husband's absence. -Warenne decided to go to battle. The Scottish army made a crucial mistake when they mistook Warenne's vanguard moving into position as an English retreat. -The Scottish forces charged into the enemy, but their attack was an abysmal failure and Warenne's men easily saw off the resistance. |
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The Battle of Dunbar (continued)... |
-Following the battle, many guardians and nobles were captured. This meant that Scotland did not have an effective leadership. -It also meant that there was a significant drop in morale because other commanders decided that the conflict was over before it had properly begun.
-Many nobles focused protecting their own territory, and their lives, along with tenants, from the English. |
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Edward's tour of Scotland... |
-Following Berwick, Edward was able to capture Roxburgh, Jedburgh, Edinburgh and Stirling. By the middle of the summer, Edward had travelled as far north as Elgin. Balliol did not offer any effective leadership. -He did not lead the Scots at Dunbar and when news travelled of their defeat he fled to Comyn territory in the north.
-Following a failed attempt to rally the remaining Scottish support at Kincardine Castle, the nobles requested terms from Edward, and John Balliol officially surrendered to Edward on July, 2, 1296. He was subsequently imprisoned in the Tower of London until 1299, before being allowed to go into exile in France. |
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English Victory... |
-Edward was far from modest in victory, accepting John's surrender during a ceremony where he was forced to publicly apologise and surrender the throne of Scotland. -The Royal Badge was removed from his clothing and he was subsequently known as, 'Toom Tabard' ('Empty Coat').
-Edward went further, trying to destroy any remaining Scottish identity and removing all evidence that proved that Scotland was an independent country. -He ordered that important records relating to the Scottish throne be removed to London, although they were destroyed when the ship carrying them sunk. |
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English Victory (continued)... |
-The Stone of Destiny was transported to Westminster along with the Scottish Crown Jewels and the Black Rood of St Margaret.
-In August 1296 leading Scottish Nobles and burgesses swore a personal oath to the English king in The Ragman's Roll. This document illustrated how much Edward dominated Scottish internal affairs.
-During his reign, John Balliol had only marginal success. Examples of these included: appointing his own Justiciars (a legal and administrative role) of Scotland, summoning annual parliaments, appointing three new sheriffs for the west coast and quelling the Bruce faction while keeping his allies, the Comyns, content.
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