Scientific Principles Of Health & Disease Unit 1

Front 1

Definition of HEALTH

Back 1

complete physical, emotional, and mental well-being and not merely the absence of disease

Front 2

Definition of DISEASE

Back 2

a condition of the body or one of its parts that impairs normal functioning and is typically determined by specific signs and symptoms

-can be caused by bacteria, viruses, and auto-immune deficiences

Front 3

SIGN vs. SYMPTOM

Back 3

SIGN: is an objective medical fact that may be detected by a physician during a physical exam of a patient

SYMPTOM: is an abnormal feeling noticed by a patient that indicated the presence of a disease

Front 4

Definition of EPIDEMIOLOGY

Back 4

study of determinants, occurence, distribution, and control of health and disease in a defined population

Front 5

Characteristics of CHRONIC DISEASE

Back 5

-long latency period followed by a prolonged clinical course

-doesn't resolve spontaneously

-often associated with impairment and disability

-"complete" cure unlikely

-non-communicable

-degenerative

Front 6

Course of Chronic Disease

Back 6

1. Disease free, healthy state

2. Asymptomatic; biological changes, carrier of the disease

3. Morbidity: clinically diagnosed

4. Comorbidity: more than one illness

5. Mortality: death

Front 7

Possible causes of Chronic Disease

Back 7

??

Front 8

Definition of RISK FACTOR

Back 8

a characteristic, condition, or behavior, that increases the possibilty of disease or injury

Front 9

INCIDENCE

Back 9

number of NEW cases of a disease that will develop within a specific period (typically a year) in a specified population

Front 10

PREVALENCE

Back 10

measure of all individuals affected by a disease at a particular time and it is influenced by incidence rate and the persistence of the disease

Front 11

2 factors that influence PREVALENCE

Back 11

incidence rate and presistence

Front 12

3 types of data analysis

Back 12

person, place, time analyses

Front 13

Cardiovascular system components

Back 13

-the heart

-blood vessels

-blood

Front 14

Function of the RIGHT SIDE of the heart

Back 14

-receives deoxygenated blood

-pumps deoxygenated to the lungs for oxygen through pulmonary circulation

Front 15

Function of the LEFT SIDE of the heart

Back 15

-receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins

-pumps blood to systematic circulation

Front 16

Function of valves

Back 16

prevent blood flow in opposition direction during the cardiac cycle

Front 17

Components of vascular system

Back 17

-arteries

-arterioles

-capillaries

-venules

-veins

Front 18

Common component of vascular system

Back 18

endothelium-lines cavity

Front 19

Differences between arteries & veins

Back 19

arteries-away from the heart

veins-to the heart

Front 20

Determinants of blood pressure

Back 20

blood volume: how much blood is in the arteries

compliance: how easily arteries can stretch

Front 21

Systolic blood pressure

Back 21

top number in blood pressure; provides estimate of the work of the heart and the force of the blood exerted against the arterial walls

Front 22

Diastolic blood pressure

Back 22

bottom number in blood pressure, provides estimate for of how much pressure is in the arteries when the ventricles are resting and filling up with blood

Front 23

Mean Arterial Pressure

Back 23

MAP= 2/3 (DBP) + 1/3 (SBP)

Front 24

Cutoff value of hypertension

Back 24

Systolic BP greater than 140mmHg

Diastolic BP greater than mmHg

Front 25

Why is hypertension bad?

Back 25

abnormally high blood pressure

Front 26

Types of hypertension

Back 26

-essential hypertension

-secondary hypertension

-isolated systolic hypertension

-malignant hypertension

-white coat hypertension

Front 27

Essential Hypertension

Back 27

-no identifiable cause

-95% of cases

-may be affected by: genetics, environmental, factors, diet

Front 28

Secondary Hypertension

Back 28

caused by a specific defect

Front 29

Isolated Systolic Hypertension

Back 29

SBP>140mmHg

DBP<90mmHg

Front 30

Malignant Hypertension

Back 30

rapid development of extremely high BP (usually above 180/120)

Front 31

White Coat Hypertension

Back 31

Elevated BP associated with medical personnel

Front 32

Coronary heart disease

Back 32

narrowing of coronary arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart

Front 33

Atherosclerosis

Back 33

-build up of plaque in the major arteries of the body

-underlying disease process for most cardiac diseases

Front 34

Pathogenesis of athrosclerosis

Back 34

-endothelial injury

-lipids accumulate and precipitate

-formation of atheroma

-secondary fibrous and calcification

Front 35

Ischemia

Back 35

insufficient blood flow to the heart, results from severe narrowing of arteries

Front 36

Myocardial Infarction

Back 36

death of some heart muscle due to blood clot causing a complete lack of blood flow

Front 37

Angina

Back 37

chest pain

Front 38

Techniques used to diagnose ischemia/MI

Back 38

pain in chest, discomfort, nausea, vomiting, faintness

Front 39

Main functions of respiratory system

Back 39

supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to the body

Front 40

Zones of respiratory function

Back 40

-upper airways

-conducting zone

-respiratory zone

Front 41

Characteristics of aveoli

Back 41

gas exchange

Front 42

4 components of respiratory function

Back 42

-pulmonary ventilation

-external respiration

-gas transport

-internal respiration

Front 43

Anatomical dead space

Back 43

where unused breath is held

Front 44

Elasticity

Back 44

ability of the lungs to return to their original shape and size after inhaling

Front 45

Compliance

Back 45

how easily the lungs stretch while breathing

Front 46

Asthma & characterisitics

Back 46

chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that leads to airway hyperactivity

-inflammation of airways

-intermittent bronchospasms

-bronchi and brochioles narrowed

Front 47

Types of Asthma (7)

Back 47

-child onset asthma

-adult onset asthma

-cough variant asthma

-occupational asthma

-nocturnal asthma

-steroid resistant asthma

-exercise induced asthma

Front 48

Triggers of asthma

Back 48

-allergens

-exercise

-work

-temperature change

-tobacco

-food additives

-pollutants

Front 49

Symptoms of asthma

Back 49

-breathlessnes

-cough

-wheezing

-tightness

-hyper-responsive lower airways

Front 50

Emphysema

Back 50

chronic, progressive lung disease resulting in shortness of breath and reduces capacity for physical activity

-damaged aveoli

Front 51

Emphysema-symptoms

Back 51

-chronic, mild cough

-wheezing

-loss of appetite

-fatigue

-skeletal muscle dysfunction

Front 52

Sleep Apnea- treatments

Back 52

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Front 53

Cancer

Back 53

uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body

Front 54

Causes of mutations

Back 54

-carcinogens

-genetics

-random errors in DNA

-hormones

-viruses

Front 55

Tumor/Neoplasm

Back 55

-benign or malignant

-abnormal proliferation of genetically altered cells

Front 56

Metastasis

Back 56

process of cancer cells spreading to other areas of the body

Front 57

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)

Back 57

-10-15% of population

-metastasize rapidly

-"oat cell" carcinoma

-almost always caused by smoking

Front 58

(NSCLC) Adenocarcinoma

Back 58

-most common NSCLC

-found in mucus producing glands

-most common lung cancer in non-smokers

Front 59

(NSCLC) Squamous cell carcinomas

Back 59

-arise frequently in lining or bronchi

Front 60

(NSCLC) Large cell carcinoma

Back 60

-undifferentiated carcinoma

-spread rapidly

Front 61

(NSCLC) Bronchial carcinoids

Back 61

-generally small

-unrelated to cigarette smoke

-grow and spread slowly