Scientific Basis Of Disease

Front 1

What are the 2 properties of MHC that make it difficult for pathogens to evade?

Back 1

Polygenic& polymorphic

Front 2

What are the 3 class I alpha chain genes called?

Back 2

HLA-A,B,C

Front 3

What are the 3 pairs of MHC II alpha and beta chains called?

Back 3

DR,DP,DQ

Front 4

What are the 3 pathways of complement?

Back 4

Classical

MBL

Alternative

Front 5

What is the classical pathway initiated by?

Back 5

Antibody antigen conplexes

Front 6

What is the MBL pathway activated by?

Back 6

Carbohydrate antigens on the bacterias surface

Front 7

What are the 3 functions of complement?

Back 7

Opsonise bacteria

Generate pores in bacterial membranes

Mediate inflammatory response

Front 8

What is the order of activation for the classical pathway?

Back 8

C1,4,2,3,5,6,7,8,9

Front 9

How many sub units does C1 have?

Back 9

3- C1q,r,s

Front 10

Which protein will cleave C4?

Back 10

C1S

Front 11

How does C4b bind to pathogen?

Back 11

Covalently

Front 12

C4b binds to.....

Back 12

C2

Front 13

What is C3 convertase made of?

Back 13

C4b2b

Front 14

What is the job of MASP2?

Back 14

Cleaves C4 to C4b

Front 15

How is MASP 2 activated?

Back 15

By MASP1

Front 16

What factors inhibit C3b?

Back 16

Factors H&I

Front 17

What is the job of factor H?

Back 17

Binds to C3b and recruits factor I to cleave C3b

Front 18

What is the C3 convertase for the alternate pathway?

Back 18

C3bBb

Front 19

What does properdin do?

Back 19

Counteracts the effects of factor H and I by stabilising C3b

Front 20

What proteins make up the MAC?

Back 20

C6-C9

Front 21

Does C9 get broken up into A and B?

Back 21

No

Front 22

What is the job of CR1?

Back 22

Binds C3b,IC3b and C3d

Front 23

What can deficiencies in complement proteins 1,2,4 lead to?

Back 23

Susceptibility to immune complex disease

Front 24

What is C3 deficiency associated with?

Back 24

Susceptibility to bacterial infections especially N.meningitidis

Front 25

Which defiency is most common in caucasians?

Back 25

C2

Front 26

What does deficiency in C1 inhibitor cause?

Back 26

Uncontrolled activation of classical pathway

Front 27

A deficiency in properdin is most common in.....

Back 27

Males as its X linked

Front 28

What are the 2 assays for assessing complement function?

Back 28

CH50-classical pathway

AH50-alternative pathway

Front 29

What does the CH50 measure?

Back 29

Serum conc required to lyse 50% of RBCs

Front 30

What are the 2 responses of the innate immune system?

Back 30

Antiviral and inflamation

Front 31

How do inate cells recognise pathogens?

Back 31

Via PAMPS

Front 32

How are damaged cells identified?

Back 32

DAMPS

Front 33

What is Annexin 5?

Back 33

Intracellular protein which becomes visible when a cell is dying

Front 34

What are the 2 families of pattern recognition receptors?

Back 34

TLRs and NODs

Front 35

On what cells can TLRs be found?

Back 35

Phagoctyes and mast cells

Front 36

What do TLRs 3,7,8 bind to?

Back 36

Bacterial nucleic acids

Front 37

What happens when TLRs are bound?

Back 37

Activation of specific TFs which lead to activation of genes encoding inflammatory mediators

Front 38

What happens when a TLR on a DC is stimulated?

Back 38

Adaptive immune response is initated

Front 39

What do NODs do?

Back 39

Recognise PAMPS&DAMPS in the cytosol

Front 40

What do NOD1&2 bind to?

Back 40

Bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan

Front 41

Which cells express NOD1?

Back 41

Macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells

Front 42

Which cells express NOD2?

Back 42

Monocytes,macrophages,T/B cells,DCs,IECs

Front 43

Who are the "proffesional" phagocytes?

Back 43

Neutrophils,macrophages,DCs

Front 44

What is the quickest way for a neutrophils to uptake pathogens?

Back 44

When they are opsonised

Front 45

What are the 2 binding sites of CR3 used for?

Back 45

One for inactivated C3b and one for microbial beta glucan polysaccharides

Front 46

How do macrophages kill ingested pathogens?

Back 46

Acidify the phagolysomse. Produce Hydrogen Peroxide. Produce ROs

Front 47

What activates respiratory bursts?

Back 47

Interferon gamma

Front 48

What happens to neutrophils when they die?

Back 48

Form neutrophil extracellular traps from the realise of their nuclear contents

Front 49

What response to DCs initate?

Back 49

T cell response

Front 50

What responses are mast cells involved in?

Back 50

Anti parasitic and hypersensitivity

Front 51

What do NK cells do?

Back 51

Kill virus infected cells

Front 52

What is the job of IL1?

Back 52

Activates vascular endothelium, lymphoctes. Stimulates IL6 and induces fever

Front 53

What does IL6 do?

Back 53

Increases antibody production and mediated class switching

Front 54

What does TNF alpha do?

Back 54

Activates vascular endothelium and neutrophils. Induces fever and mediates spetic shock

Front 55

What does IL12 do?

Back 55

Mediates T cell activation and stimulates IFN gamma

Front 56

What is the job of interferons?

Back 56

Antiviral proteins

Front 57

What are the 3 main actions of inflammation?

Back 57

Increase vascular permeability

Activate endothelium

Activate incoming phagocytes

Activate NK cells

Front 58

What is diapedesis?

Back 58

How leukocytes move across the blood vessel wall

Front 59

What are the 4 principles of clonal selection theory?

Back 59

Each lymphocyte bears a single unique receptor with specificity

Interaction between foreign antigen and lymphocyte receptors lead to activation

Activated lymphocytes proliferate colonally

Lymphocytes bearing receptors for self molecules are destroyed

Front 60

What are the 2 functions of Immunoglobulins?

Back 60

Recognise antigen which they are directed against

Engage effector mechanisms to dispose of the antigen

Front 61

What can the light chains be?

Back 61

Kappa or Lambda

Front 62

What makes up the variable region of the antibody?

Back 62

VL and VH domains

Front 63

How many parts do proteases cleave antibodies into?

Back 63

3

Front 64

How does papain cleave antibody?

Back 64

Cleaves H chain on N terminus side of disulphide bond in hinge region. Releasing 2 fab and 1 fac fragment

Front 65

What does pepsin do to antibodies?

Back 65

Cleaves the antibody at multiple sites on C terminal creating fab and several peptides

Front 66

What is a beta sandwich?

Back 66

2 beta sheets lying face to face

Front 67

What do the framework regions do?

Back 67

Help the antibody maintain its shape even if the antigen binding site has changed.

Front 68

What is an epitope?

Back 68

Part of an antigen which the antibody binds to

Front 69

What are the properties of IgG?

Back 69

Monomer

Most active at 37

Crosses the placenta

Neutralise pathogens and activate complement

Front 70

What is the role of IgM?

Back 70

First antibody released

Monomer/pentameter

Rubbish as most active at 4

Neutralise pathogens by agglutination

Front 71

What is the job of IgA?

Back 71

Found in serum

Operates in mucosal surfaces

Neutralising antibody

Front 72

What is the function if IgE?

Back 72

Monomer

Mediates hypersensitivity reactions

Anti parasitic response

Front 73

What are the 3 types of B cells?

Back 73

B1,marginal zone and follicular B cells

Front 74

What happens when B cells come across a carbohydrate antigen?

Back 74

They can be activated independently of T cells

Front 75

What are the 3 types of antibody response?

Back 75

Inital IgM production from B1 cells

Early T cell dependent

Germinal centre reaction

Front 76

What is somatic hypermutation?

Back 76

Where B cells gain point mutations in the nucleotide sequence of encoding V regions

Front 77

What will happen to a B cell with low affinity for antigens?

Back 77

It will undergo apoptosis

Front 78

How does diveristy arise in B cells?

Back 78

Somatic gene recombination and somatic hypermutation