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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Energy Level
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a region around the nuclueus of an atom where electrons are most likely to be found. Only a certain # of electrons can be found in each energy level.
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Neutron
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an uncharged particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
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Proton
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a subatomic particle identical with the the nucleus of a hydrogen atom. Found with neutrons in all atomic nuclei, positive charge.
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Electrons
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a subatomic particle in an atom that is negatively charged and the occupies the energy levels of an atom. electrons are involved in chemical bonds.
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Nucleus
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the center core of an atom that contains protons and neutrons.
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Element
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substances that contain only one type of matter.
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Atomic Mass
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the average mass of all known isotopes of an element.
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Symbol
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something that stands for something else. ex: element symbol
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Atomic Number
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the # of protons that an atom contains.
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Atom
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the smallest particle of matter that can exist. it can exsist alone or with others.
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Molocule
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the smallest particle of a compound that retains the properties of the comppund
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Compound
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substances made up of 2 or more elements that cant be seperated by physical means.
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Matter
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anything that has mass and takes up space.
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Brittleness
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a measure of a materials tendancy to shatter upon impact
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Elasticity
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a measure of a solids ability to stretch and then return to its original shape and size.
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Hardness
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measures a materials resistance to scratching.
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Malleability
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a solids ability to be pounded into thin sheets.
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Density
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a property that describes the relationship between mass and volume.
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Condensation
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the process by which a substance in its gaseous state loses energy & enters its liquid state; a part of the water cycle.
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Evaporation
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the process by which a substance in its liquid state gains energy & enters its gaseous state; a part of the water cycle.
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Menicus
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water level in a graduated cylinder
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Mass
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a measure of the inertia of an object; the ammount of matter an object has.
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Archimedes Principle
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a principle that states the force exerted on an object in a liquid is = to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
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Buoyancy
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measure of the upward force a fluid exerts on an object.
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Fluid
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any thing in liquid state; a nonsolid matter
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Viscosity
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a mesure of a materials resistance to flow
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Valence Electrons
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the electrons in an atom that are involved in the formation of chemical bonds
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Ions
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an atom that has an electrical charge.
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Electronegativity
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the attraction an atom has for the shared pair of electrons in a chemical bond.
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Covelent Bond
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a type of chemical bond that is formed when atoms share electrons. This is also a bond between 2 metals
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Hardness
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measures a materials resistance to scratching.
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Malleability
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a solids ability to be pounded into thin sheets.
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Density
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a property that describes the relationship between mass and volume.
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Condensation
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the process by which a substance in its gaseous state loses energy & enters its liquid state; a part of the water cycle.
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Evaporation
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the process by which a substance in its liquid state gains energy & enters its gaseous state; a part of the water cycle.
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Menicus
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water level in a graduated cylinder
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Mass
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a measure of the inertia of an object; the ammount of matter an object has.
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Archimedes Principle
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a principle that states the force exerted on an object in a liquid is = to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
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Buoyancy
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measure of the upward force a fluid exerts on an object.
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Fluid
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any thing in liquid state; a nonsolid matter
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Viscosity
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a mesure of a materials resistance to flow
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Valence Electrons
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the electrons in an atom that are involved in the formation of chemical bonds
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Ions
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an atom that has an electrical charge.
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Electronegativity
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the attraction an atom has for the shared pair of electrons in a chemical bond.
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Covelent Bond
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a type of chemical bond that is formed when atoms share electrons. This is also a bond between 2 metals
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Ionic Bond
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a type of chemical bond between atoms that gained or lost electrons. this is also a bond between a metal and a nonmetal.
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Metal Bond
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a bond between 2 metals
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Octet Rule
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atoms form bonds by sharing or transfering them to complete their octet and become stable.
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Binary Compounds
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a covalent compound that exists of only 2 types of elements
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Polyatomic Ions
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ions that contain more than one type of atom
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Molecular Formula
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indicates the symbols for the # of atoms that each element contains in a compound
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Emperical Formula
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molecular formula reduced
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Diatomic Molocules
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a molocule that has only 2 atoms of the same element. HaveNoFearOfIceColdBeverages
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Polymers
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a large molocule that is composed of repeating smaller molocules called subunits or monomers.
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Single Displacement
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a reaction in which one element replaces a similar element on a compound
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Double Displacement
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a reaction in which two compounds exchange places to form 2 new elements
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Decomposition Reaction
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a reaction in which a single compound is broken down to produce 2 or more smaller compounds
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Addition Reaction
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reaction in which 2 or more elements form a compound
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Combustion Reaction
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a reaction where substances mix with oxygen
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Physical Change
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change in the physical properties of a substance
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Chemical Change
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a change that involves the breaking down and rearranging of bonds to make new substances
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Law of Conservation of Mass
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states that the total mass of the products in a reaction are equal to the total mass of reactants
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Products
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substances that are produced in a chemical reaction from reactants (right side of chemcical equation)
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Reactants
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a substance that enters into and is altered in the course of a chemical reaction
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Limiting Reactant
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the reactant that is used up first in a chemical reaction
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Avogado's Number
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the # of atoms in an atomic mass of an element, or # of molocules ib formula mass of a compound when masses are expressed in grams
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Mole
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one set of 6.02 x 10 to the 23rd power
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Chemical Formula
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a representation of a compound that includes the symbols an # of atoms in the compound
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Formula Mass
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determined by adding up the atomic mass units and all atoms of that element in a compound
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Solvent
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the component of a solution that dissolves the solute and is present in the greatest ammount
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Solute
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the substance in a solution in the smallest ammount and is dissolved by the solvent
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Solution
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a mixture of two or more substances that is homogenous at the molecular level
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Tyndall Effect
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a way of visually distinquishing colloids from solutions
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Colloid
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a type of mixture at which the particles are between 1.0 and 1,000 nanometers
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Nanometer
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a unit of measurement that is equal to one billionth of a meter
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Chemical Change
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a change that involves the breaking down and rearranging of bonds to make new substances
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Law of Conservation of Mass
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states that the total mass of the products in a reaction are equal to the total mass of reactants
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Products
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substances that are produced in a chemical reaction from reactants (right side of chemcical equation)
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Reactants
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a substance that enters into and is altered in the course of a chemical reaction
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Limiting Reactant
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the reactant that is used up first in a chemical reaction
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Avogado's Number
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the # of atoms in an atomic mass of an element, or # of molocules ib formula mass of a compound when masses are expressed in grams
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Mole
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one set of 6.02 x 10 to the 23rd power
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Chemical Formula
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a representation of a compound that includes the symbols an # of atoms in the compound
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Formula Mass
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determined by adding up the atomic mass units and all atoms of that element in a compound
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Solvent
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the component of a solution that dissolves the solute and is present in the greatest ammount
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Solute
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the substance in a solution in the smallest ammount and is dissolved by the solvent
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Solution
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a mixture of two or more substances that is homogenous at the molecular level
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Tyndall Effect
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a way of visually distinquishing colloids from solutions
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Colloid
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a type of mixture at which the particles are between 1.0 and 1,000 nanometers
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Nanometer
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a unit of measurement that is equal to one billionth of a meter
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Alloy
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solution of 2 or more metals
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Equilibrium
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the state of solutes in a solution dissolving and coming out at the same rate
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Suspention
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a type of mixture where particles are larger than 1,000 nanometers
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Ionization
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when an atom gives or takes ions are produced.
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Saturated
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the state of a mixture in which maximum ammount of solute has dissolved
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Supersaturated
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condition of a solution when more solute has dissolved than is possible at a given temp.
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Dissociation
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seperating a molocule into atoms and ions
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Neutral
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a solution that has a pH of 7 meaning that it has = numbers of H+ and OH-
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Non-Electrolyte
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chemicals that dont form ions into a solution
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Acid
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a chemical the contributes hydrogen ions to a solution
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Base
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a chemical that contributes hydroxide ions to a solution
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Acid Precipitation
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rain, snow, or fog that has a pH lower than 5.6
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pH
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the exact concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions in a solution
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Electrolytes
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chemicals that form ions and conduct current when dissolved in water
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Alpha Particle
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a partially charged particle emmitted from the nulceus of an atom during radioactive decay
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Half-Life
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the length of time that it takes for half an ammount of radioactive substance to decay
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Gamma Rays
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a photon emmitted spontaniously by a radioactive substance
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Isotopes
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forms of the same elements with different # of neutrons and mass #
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Beta Particles
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a negetivily charged particle (electron) emitted from the nucleus of an atom during radioactive decay
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Radiation
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a term used to describe the particles of energy that are emitted from a radioactive substances
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Fission
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a nuclear reaction that involves the splitting of molocules
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Fusion
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a nuclear reaction that involves the fusing of nuclei from 2 atoms to make a different atom
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What 2 groups can all matter be classified into?
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Mixtures and substances
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What tools can be used to find volume?
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mesuring cup, graduated cylinder, and a beaker.
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What weighs/ masses to be approx. one gram?
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paper clip, bean
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Solids retain their shape and size if kept at a constant pressure. Do liquids? Do gasses?
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Liquids- retain volume, not shape
Gases- no volume, no shape |
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Which states of matter is most commonly found in the universe?
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plasma
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A liquid changes rapidly into a gas at the liquid's __________ ___________
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Boiling Point
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What are some examples of physical properties?
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an objects shape, size, or state
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What are some signs that a chemical change has occured?
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change in color, gas production, fizz
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List the phases of water in order from slowest to fastest molocule movement
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solids--->liquids--->gas
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As you move to a higher elevation water would boil at a ______ temperature
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Lower
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During a phase change, the temperature
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stays the same
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Which weighs or masses to be more a kilogram of bricks, a kilogram of fethers, or both stay the same?
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both are the same
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What's the formula for denstiy?
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D= m/v
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If a density colum was built with molases, water, oil and glycerol what would be the order from bottom to top?
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molasses,glycerol,water,oil
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When poured into water, glycerol falls to the bottom? What can be said about this?
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Glycerol is more dense than the water
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A substance with high viscosity....
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its eaiser to pour
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A substance with low viscosity......
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is harder to pour
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A common isotope of carbon has a mass # of 13, the total # of subatomic particles in the necleus?
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13
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who did the gold foil experiment
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Rutherford
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What is the charge of a proton?
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positive
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Whats the charge of a neutron?
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no charge
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Whats the charge of an electron?
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negitive
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How many oxygen atoms are in one molecule of table sugar? c12h22o11
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11
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A spectrometer is used to analyze different light sources-if each light shows a different color-what can be said about light sources?
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the light source absorbs different colors to give you different colors.
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If the element is electicly stable-the # of electrons always equals
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the # of protons
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Why are noble gases nonreactive?
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their outer energy levels are full
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Elements on the periodic table are similar because
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they have the same # of valence electrons
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The name for the compound with the formula CuBr2 is
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Copper (II) Bromide
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Name the chemical formula for a compound that contains the aluminum ion and the hydroxide ion
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Aluminium Hydroxide
AlOH3 |
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What ions are in the compound CaCl2
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protons,neutrons,and electrons
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Name 3 things that a chemical formula can tell you.
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name of the compound, oxidation #,element names.
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Name the compound with the formula Cr2O3
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Crominum (III) Oxide
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Calculate the formula mass for nitric acid.
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63 amu
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When a chemical change occurs 3 things happen- what are they?
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atoms rearranged, bonds broken, new substances are created
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In a balenced equation, the total mass of products always equals..
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the total mass of reactants
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An instant cold pack gets very cold. This is an example of what type of reation?
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endothermic
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An instant hot pack gets very hot. This is what type of reaction
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exothermic
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The Tyndall Effect is used to determine what?
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collids from true solutions
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What are some types of solutions when water is the solvent?
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Kool- aid, salt-water, tea.
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One of the simplest ways to increase the dissolving rate of a spoonful of sugar in water is to..
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stir it up
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Timed-release medicine improves the delivery of medicine to the body by using..
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different dissolving rates
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Why is it a good idea to make vitamins chewable?
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chewing increased the surface area
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A solution reaches equilibrium when
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the balance of solute molocules coming and going from a solution equals each other
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Water is described as a polar molocule because.
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it has 2 poles each with a different partial charge
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Give 3 examples of common acids
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lemon juice, vinegar, soda water
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Give 3 examples of basic substances
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baking soda, bar soap, and amonia
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Describe the pH scale
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a scale labeled 1-14. substances from 1-6 are acidic, 7 are neutal and 8-14 are basic
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A neutral solution means
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that the solution has a pH of 7 and equal #'s of H+ ions and OH- ions
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What kind of reaction do nuclear power plants use to generate electricity?
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fission chain reaction
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