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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Alkali metals |
Group one mettalic elements. Reactive, soft, and low density. |
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Bohr model |
Diagram of the atom that describes the arrangement of subatomic particles : Neutrons and protons in the nucleus, and electrons in electron shells. |
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Period |
Horizontal row in the periodic table |
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Family or group |
Vertical rows in the periodic table of elements with similar properties. |
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Covalent compound |
Compounds in which two atoms share a pair of electrons. |
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Ionic compound |
Compounds, in which oppositely charged ions come together because of mutual attraction. |
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Ion |
And electrically charged atom. |
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Multivalent metals |
metals that can form an ion in more than one way, resulting in ions with different charges. |
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Metal |
Elements that are typically hard, shiny, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. |
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Mettalloid |
Elements that share some properties with metals and some with non-metal. |
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Noble gases |
Group 18 elements, stable, unreactive, & colorless and odorless at room temperature. |
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Multiple ion charges |
A characteristic of elements that can form ions in more than one way. |
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Non-metal |
Elements that really typically not shiny, malleable, or ductile and are poor conductors of heat and electricity. Usually gases or brittle solids at room temperature. |
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Valence electron |
Electrons in the outer shell of an atom, which determine it's ability to combine with another atom. |
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Valence shell |
The outermost electron shell |
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Polyatomic ion |
A molecular ion composed of more than one type of atom joined by covalent bonds. |
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Cell cycle |
The three stages of the life of a cell: - Interphase, the longest stage, in which cells carry out life functions and cells that divide prepare for cell division. - Mitosis, the second and shortest stage, the process in which the duplicated contents of the cells nucleus divides into two equal parts. - cytokinesis, in which the two nuclei are sprayed and cell contents are separated into two daughter cells. |
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Chromosome |
A threadlike structure in a cell nucleus that carries genes. |
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Chromatin |
A substance within the nucleus that contains DNA & proteins. |
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DNA |
A biological molecule found in the cell nucleus that carries genetic information. Composed of sugar, phosphate, and four different bases. Passed on from generation to generation during reproduction. Bases: (A & T) - (G & C) |
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Gene |
Segment of DNA located at a specific place on a chromosome, each contain information to produce proteins. |
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Gene mutation |
A change in the specific order of the A, G, C, and T bases that make up a particular gene. |
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Gene therapy |
Techniques developed to alter mutated genes in order to make them function normally. |
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Mutagen |
Substances or factors that can cause mutations in DNA. |
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Neutral mutation |
A mutation that occurs that does not harm nor help the organism. (Exp. Earlobes.) |
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Negative mutation |
A mutation that harms an organism or reduces the probability of the organism reproducing or surviving in its environment. (Exp. Sickle blood cells) |
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Nucleus |
An organelles that controls all the activities within a cell. |
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Positive mutation |
A mutation that benifit an organism. (Exp. HIV resistance/immunity) |
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(Asexual Reproduction) Mitosis - PMAT |
Early Prophase - chromosomes become x-shaped, spindle fires begin to form and start going to opposite poles of the cell. Late prophase- spindle fires complete forming, stretched from opposite poles of the cell. Chromosomes attach to spindle fires at their Centromeres. Metaphase- spindle fires pull chromosomes to the equator of the cell, in a single line. Anaphase- spindle fires begin to shorten and contract. The two nuclei begin separating into two sister chromatids. Telophase- one complete set of chromosomes is now at each pole of the cell. Spindle fibres dissappear. A nucleolus appears in each nucleus, and the cell is ready to divide. |
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Cytokinesis |
Separates the two nuclei into two daughter cells. These cells are identical to the parent. |
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Meiosis |
The process of creating gametes with half the number of chromosomes as body cells. |
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Meiosis stages. |
Prophase 1- chromosomes pair up. Non sister chromatids exchange genetic material. (Crossing over.) Metaphase 1- chromosomes pair up at the equator. Anaphase 1- chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite poles. Telophase 1- one chromosome from each homologous pair is at each pole of the cell. Interkinesis- cells are completely divided into two different cells. Cell will continue to grow and make proteins. ______this cycle repeats itself, further dividing into four gametes with half the number of chromosomes in each gamete. Each cell at the end will have two unpaired chromosomes.______ |
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Asexual Reproduction. |
Reproduction that requires only one parent and produces offspring that are genetic copies of the parent.
Binary fission- a single parent cell replicates it's genetic material and divides into two equal parts. Budding- areas of an individual may undergo repeated Mitosis and cell division and develop into an identical organism. Fragmentation- If an organism breaks apart as a result of injury, each fragment develops into a clone of its parent. Vegative reproduction- cells divide repeatedly to form structures that will eventually develop into a plant identical to the parent. Spore formation- reproductive cells form that grow into new individuals by Mitosis. |
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Checkpoint proteins |
Cells will not divide if -there are not enough nutrients to support cell growth -DNA within the nucleus has not been replicated -DNA is damaged. |
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Cancer |
The result of uncontrolled cell division. |
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Diploid number |
Two sets of chromosomes, the diploid for humans is 46 |
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External fertilization (advantages and disadvantages) |
A) - little energy required to find mate - large numbers of offspring - large colonies can out compete other species for food and water. DA) - they are unprotected - are not cared for by parents - not all eggs get fertilized |
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Internal fertilization (advantages and disadvantages) |
A) - offspring protected by parent -get nutrition they need - higher chance of survival DA) - requires more energy to find a mate - fewer offspring |
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Ectoderm , mesoderm, endoderm |
Ectoderm: forms skins and nervous system Mesoderm: kidneys, skeleton, muscles blood vessels, reproductive organs. Endoderm: lungs, liver and lining of the digestive system. |
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Amount of electrical energy used by device |
Power consumed × time of use |
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Ohms law |
Voltage = current × resistance |
