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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plant and animal cells. 1. Cell Theory |
He study of biology is based of cell theory - cells come from pre existing cells, cells are the most basic unit of life, and all living things are made up of one or more cell |
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Plant and Animal Cells 2. Characteristics of Life |
Top to Bottom - Atom, Molecule, Organelle, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ System, Organism |
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Character of Life functions |
Atoms - smallest particle of matter. (Ex. Carbon, Nitrogen) Molecules - Made up of one ore more atoms. (Ex. H2O) Organelles - Molecules working together to function in a cell. (Ex. Nucleus, Chloroplast) Cells - Most basic unit of life, can come in uni or multicellular (Ex. Brain cells, Stem cells) Tissues - Made up of similar cells (Ex. Muscle, connective tissues) Organs - Tissues working together to function in the human body. (Ex. Heart, intestines, lungs) Organ System - Organs working together to function in the human body. (Ex. Respiratory, Digestive, Reproduction Systems) Organisms - An individual that can maintain a separate environment and carry out all functions of life. |
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Plants and Animal Cells 3. Cells Organelles - names and functions |
Nucleus - Control Center of the cells. Directs all the cells activities Nuclear Membrane - Separates the cell from the nucleus Nucleolus - Makes up the cells ribosomes Cell membrane - keeps substances in and out Cell wall - provides protection and support for injury Ribosomes - Make Protein DNA - Genetic information in the chromatin that makes up a genetic code Endoplasmic Reticulum - three dimensional Network of branches and pockets Golgi Bodies - Carries out waste from the cell Cytoplasm - When filled with water, it keeps substances in case the cell needs them Chloroplasts - absorbs Chlorophyll to keep the plant green and absorbs light and energy for photosynthesis Mitochondria - Makes glucose (ATP) Through a process called Cellular respiration Vacuoles - When full of water, tugor pressure keeps the plants plump and firm. Lysosomes - break down worn out cell parts |
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Plant and Animal Cells 4. Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells |
Plant cells have a square shape, a cell wall and cell membrane, chloroplasts, and a larger vacuole. Animal cells do not have a cell wall or chloroplasts. |
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Cell Cycle 1. Parts of the Cell Cycle |
Interphase - Longest stage of cell division Mitosis - Has 4 phases (NOT the cell cycle, it’s only a part of it.) Cytokinesis - End of the cell cycle. |
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Cell Cycle 2. Mitosis - PMAT |
Prophase - DNA compacts into chromosomes, they have two strands called sister chromatids, and the nuclear membrane breaks down. Metaphase - Chromosomes line up in the middle, centrioles migrate to the poles, and spindle fibres attach themselves to the chromosomes Anaphase - The spindle fibres separate the sister chromatids and are called daughter chromosomes. Telophase - a new nuclear membrane forms around the daughter chromosomes |
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Cell Cycle 3. Forms that DNA takes during cell division. |
Chromatin - A thread like material in the nucleus that contains the DNA Chromatid - Two strands in the chromosomes Chromosomes - allow DNA to be accurately copied during cell division |
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Cell Division Gone Wrong 1. Understand and Use terminology- Cancer, Tumour, Malignant, Benign, Metastasis |
Cancer - When the cells divide out of control, even when the nucleus is sending signals for them to stop. Tumour - Can be cancerous or not cancerous, usually cells clumped together Benign - Non - Cancerous. They do not affect surround sells. Malignant - Cancerous. They affect surrounding cells. Metastasis - They are cancerous and can spread through the body and make tumours else where through the blood stream. |
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Cell division gone wrong 2. 3 causes of cancer. |
When cells divide random changes can occur, such as mutations. Sometimes mutations occur in DNA that controls division. 7 mutations are required to turn a cell into a cancerous one. Smoking, mutagen, UV radiation |
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Cell division gone wrong 3. 3 methods of screening |
It means checking for cancer even there are no symptoms. Pap test (women), checks for cervical cancer. Breast self examination. Observations of moles (ABCDE) Asymmetry, Border, Colour, Diameter, Evolving |
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Cell division gone wrong 4. 3 conventional treatments |
Chemotherapy - slows or stop the cells from dividing rapidly, but the drug affects healthy cells and causes side affects Surgery - if the tumour is near where they can reach, they will do surgery to remove it. Some cancer may remain if the tumour is large Radiation - uses energy from x rays or gamma rays to destroy cancer cells. Radiations damage the DNA which make it impossible to divide. Healthy cells are affects but can repair themselves. |
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4. Specialized Cells 1. How the type of specialized cells are different from one another |
Specialized Cells are very similar, but preform different specific functions. |
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Specialized Cells 2. Know characteristics of specialized cells - red blood cell, sperm cell, muscle cell, and leaf cells. |
Red blood cells - Round, flat, flexible. Carries oxygen to tissues and cells and can squeeze through narrow blood vessels Skin cells - flat, rough, no defined shape. Reduces water loss and protects the cells inside. Bone cells - not smooth, many holes, tough. Collects calcium from food, allows repairs and builds itself Muscle cells - bumpy, smooth and flexible. Can contact, makes fibre shorter and causes bones to move White blood cells - ball shape, looks fuzzy. Fights infections and engulfs bacteria Sperm cells - long shape, small, smooth, can move independently and Carrie’s DNA Fat cells - smooth and translucent. Stores fat molecules Nerve cells - long, thin, conducts electrical impulses to cordon body activity. Photophores - Smooth, flexible, can emit light. |
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Specialized Cells. Specialized cell type |
Water and mineral transport - circular, tall, rough, cell transports water and dissolve minerals through the plant Storage cells - circular, smooth, round, flat, contains energy for the plant Photosynthetic cells - small, smooth, flat, contains chloroplasts Sugar transport cells - flat, has many holes, cells transport dissolved sugar through the plant Epidermal cells - spikey, tall, rough, has hairs that absorb water from the soil Guard cells - soft, round, guards cells in the surface of leaves. |
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Microscopes 1. How to focus a microscope |
Start on low magnification and adjust coarse knob, then fine adjustment knob. When on mid magnification, focus with coarse knob, then fine knob, and on high magnification only use fine adjustment knob. |
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Microscopes 2. Calculating magnification and field of view |
M1/M2 x D1 = D2 D2 = unknown high Power D1 = Field of low power M2 = total magnification of high power (400x) M1 = total magnification of low power (40x) |
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What would happen if more cells were in mitosis than interphase? |
The cells would duplicate and divide to rapidly. |
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Why is cell specialization important? |
It protects genes from the damage of mutagens. They make it possible to express fewer genes in uni or multicellular organisms. |
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One organism consisting of prokaryotic cells and one consisting of eukaryotic cells |
Prokaryotic - archaea and bacteria Eukaryotic - animal, plants |
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Animal, Plant cell diagram and microscope diagram |
On paper |
