Schizophrenia: Diagnosis And Classification Validity And Reliability

Front 1

Positive symptoms

Back 1

Hallucinations
Delusions

Front 2

Negative symptoms

Back 2

Avolition
Speech poverty

Front 3

R: What is inter-rater reliability

Back 3

R: The degree to which two assors can arrive at an agreement in their assessments

Front 4

R: What research was done into the inter-rater reliability of schizophrenia?

Back 4

R: 0-1 kappa score 0 = none 1= perfect score

0.46 kappa score found by Reiger

Front 5

R: What research was done on the influence of culture on the diagnosis of schizophrenia

Back 5

R: Copeland et al
69% US psychiatrists diagnosed schizophrenia compared with only 2% in the UK

Front 6

R: What research has been conducted on the differences in symptoms between countries?

Back 6

R: Ghanaian, Indian, American and Jamaican schizophrenic patients asked about their symptoms. US patients heard negative voices whereas all other patients heard positive. TF Western stereotypes of SZ influence their symptoms

Front 7

R: What did Whaley find with the DSM?

Back 7

R: 11% inter-rater reliability or 0.11 kappa score, showing increased reliability

Front 8

R AO3: Cross culture reliability and Western bias

Back 8

R AO3: African Americans more likely to be diagnosed with SZ in America than other Americans. But SZ in African countries is very low. This is because symptoms we see as = in the west are + in many African cultures

Front 9

Issues with the DSM

Back 9

Subjective
Western biased as it's only printed in English and not other languages. TF not universal.
Poor inter-rater reliability with the ICD in diagnosis of patients

Front 10

R: What did Rosenhan's study require?

Back 10

R: Sane (US, male and female) participants going to an asylum and claiming to hear the words 'thud' 'empty' and 'hollow' repetitively, in the hope that they would be institutionalised into an asylum

Front 11

R: What happened to the participants in Rosenhan's study?

Back 11

All the participants were diagnosed with schizophrenia and admitted to asylums- even though all of them were actually of sound mind

Front 12

R: What were the findings from the Rosenhan study?

Back 12

88% of the patients reported mistreatment from the staff and none of the participants were recognised to be sane when they were institutionalised.

Front 13

V: Broverman biased?

Back 13

US clinicians equated mentally healthy adults as those with male thinking and behaviours, leading to women apparently being less mentally healthy. This is an example of androcentrism

Front 14

V: What research disproves Broverman's findings?

Back 14

Longernecker. Men are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than women

Front 15

V: Loring and Powell; gender bias with patients and clinicians

Back 15

V: Cases described as male or genderless were diagnosed 56% of the time, compared to only 20% when described as female.
This bias was rarely found with female psychiatrists but was common in males

Front 16

V: Issues with comorbidity

Back 16

V: Schizophrenic patients are 26% more likely to have PTSD; 12% more likely to have OCD and 50% likely to be diagnosed with depression (Buckley, Swets)

Front 17

V: Symptom overlap?

Back 17

Many of the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia match with the diagnosis for manic depressive - bi-polar - disorder

Front 18

V: What are the consequences of the findings into co-morbidity of schizophrenia?

Back 18

V: How sure can we be schizophrenia is the primary illness? OCD may be more serious or debilitating- which do you treat first?

Front 19

V: Weber et al researched hospital research records...

Back 19

V: People with schizophrenia as their primary diagnosis were also more likely to be diagnosed with other, non-mental health related, medical problems than non-schizophrenics