Sb: Chapters 1 And 19

Front 1

Stems

Back 1

Organs that function in support, storage, and in movement of water and nutrients

Front 2

Cell Walls

Back 2

An extracellular structure which in plants is composed of cellulose microfibrils and macrofibrils, hemicellulose and pectin and which functions as support

Front 3

Chloroplast

Back 3

A semi-autonomous organelle which functions in the conversion of light energy to chemical energy in a process known as photosynthesis

Front 4

Clade Archaeplastida

Back 4

Organisms unite by the possession of a chloroplast in addition to shared characteristics with the Domain Eukarya

Front 5

Domain Eukarya

Back 5

Organisms sharing common features with Eubacteria and Archaea and unique characteristics of a nucleus and organelles

Front 6

Domains of life

Back 6

Organisms sharing the characteristics of a semi-permeable membrane, ribosomes, cytosol and chromosomes; includes Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Front 7

Endosymbiotic Theory

Back 7

The Semi-autonomous organelles originated as engulfed prokaryotic cells that now live symbiotically with host cells

Front 8

mitocondria

Back 8

A Semi-autonomous organelle which functions in the conversion of chemical energy through cellular respiration

Front 9

Crossing over

Back 9

A process of genetic recombination that occurs during meiosis through the physical exchange of DNA strands within chromosome arms

Front 10

meiosis

Back 10

A process of reproductive cell, gamete, production that creates 4 daughter cells which are genetically unique from each other and from the mother cell

Front 11

mutation

Back 11

Randomly occurring nucleotide changes in DNA due to mistakes in DNA synthesis or repair

Front 12

Allopolyploid

Back 12

Multiple sets of chromosomes arising from more than one species

Front 13

Autopolyploid

Back 13

Multiple sets of chromosomes arising from within a species

Front 14

Clade

Back 14

A systematic designation grouping organisms based on phylogeny

Front 15

Cladistics

Back 15

A systematic approach to taxonomy with common ancestry, phylogeny, as the primary criterion

Front 16

Grade

Back 16

A systematic designation grouping organisms with similar evolutionary complexity

Front 17

Phylogeny

Back 17

The evolutionary history of a species or group

Front 18

ploidy

Back 18

The complete base chromosome number of a species, commonly represented as n

Front 19

polyploidy

Back 19

Multiple sets of the base chromosome number n

Front 20

Reproductive isolation

Back 20

Cumulative changes among members of a population that limit or stop gene flow

Front 21

Speciation

Back 21

The process by which one species splits into 2 due to accumulated genetic changes

Front 22

Species - Biological

Back 22

a group of populations which can mate in nature and produce viable offspring; boundary is fertile offspring

Front 23

Systematics

Back 23

methodologies of classifying organisms and determining evolutionary relationships

Front 24

Taxonomy

Back 24

Scientific discipline of naming and classifying organisms

Front 25

Alternation of generations

Back 25

a life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophye; Characteristic of plants and some algae

Front 26

Basal

Back 26

Referring, forming, or belonging to a bottom layer or base

Front 27

endosymbiont

Back 27

Describing an organism living wholly inside a host in a form of mutualism or symbiosis

Front 28

Gametangia

Back 28

multicellular plant structures in which gametes are formed in higher plants

Front 29

Gametophyte

Back 29

Referring to the haploid generation in the life cycle of plants and produces gametes via mitosis

Front 30

Homosporous

Back 30

Having only one type of physically differentiable reproductive spore

Front 31

Primary endosymbiosis

Back 31

A theory of evolution where mitochondria are descended from cyanobacteria engulfed by an ancient Eukaryotic cell

Front 32

Secondary endosymbiosis

Back 32

ancient red and green algae (eukaryotes) were engulfed by other eukaryotes and became endosymbionts

Front 33

Sporangia

Back 33

Multicellular plant structures in which spores are formed in higher plans

Front 34

Sporophyte

Back 34

Referring to the diploid generation in the life cycle of plants and produces spores, via meiosis

Front 35

Double fertilization

Back 35

The concept which describes how one sperm cell unites with the egg to form a zygote and the other sperm cell unites with the polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm

Front 36

Fertilization

Back 36

union of haploid gametes to create a diploid embryo of zygote

Front 37

Heterosporous

Back 37

physically differentiable spoes fromed from gender sporangium producing gendered gametophytes

Front 38

pollination

Back 38

the movement of pollen from the microsporopytic to the megasporophytic tissues in plants

Front 39

Parthenogenesis

Back 39

A process in plants where seeds develop without fertilization from a non-egg cell

Front 40

Adventitious

Back 40

Formed in an unusual anatomical position

Front 41

Bulbs

Back 41

A storage stem, usually wit highly compacted phytomers and thickened storage leaves

Front 42

Rizome

Back 42

an underground stem specialized for asexual reproduction

Front 43

Stolon

Back 43

an above ground stem specialized for asexual reproduction

Front 44

Apomorphy

Back 44

A derived character 'away or apart' from the ancestral character, and evolutionary novelty

Front 45

Character states

Back 45

2 forms of a character, i.e. petal color (yellow,, pink, red) or leaf shape (lanceolate or ovate)

Front 46

Characters

Back 46

Observation based features or attributes of a taxa(-on) that help delimit the attributes of that taxa(-on)

Front 47

Cladogram

Back 47

A branching diagram that represents e evolutionary pattern of lineage descent along a representative time scale

Front 48

Classification

Back 48

The arrangement of taxa into some type of order for cataloging and expressing relationships among taxa

Front 49

Couplet

Back 49

A pair of contrasting statements, leads, based on contrasting states which delineate taxa

Front 50

Dichotomous key

Back 50

A series of hierarchical couplets which aid in the identification of a collected specimen

Front 51

identification

Back 51

associating a collected sample with he known taxa based on description of characters, or realizing the collected sample fits no known sample

Front 52

Lead

Back 52

one of 2 contrasting statements within a couplet within a dichotomous key designed to aid in taxa identification

Front 53

lineage

Back 53

descent through time and generations creates a set of organisms interconnected by the transfer of genetic material from parent to offspring

Front 54

modification

Back 54

a component of evolution referring to a change in the genetic material that is transferred from parent to offspring arising though mutation or recombination

Front 55

Monophyletic group

Back 55

A group of organisms derived from a common ancestor and all and only descendants of that common ancestor

Front 56

Morphology

Back 56

The form of a living organism

Front 57

nomenclature

Back 57

Formal naming of a taxa using a standardized system, usually binomial scientific names where each taxa is unique

Front 58

Paraphyletic group

Back 58

a group of organisms containing a common ancestor but not all descendants

Front 59

Phenetics

Back 59

A means of classification based on overall similarities between taxa

Front 60

phylogenetics

Back 60

formal naming of taxa using a standardized system, usually binomial scientific names, each taxa unique

Front 61

polyphyletic group

Back 61

A group of organisms containing more than one common ancestor or the descendants of more than on ancestor

Front 62

Recombination

Back 62

Through crossing over, parental genes and alleles are shuffled into new combinations

Front 63

Taxa(-on)

Back 63

a defined or delimited group of individuals at a particular rank

Front 64

Apomixis

Back 64

Asexual mode of seed formation that produces clonal progeny with maternal genotype

Front 65

Diachonic species

Back 65

A group of species which span a period of time

Front 66

Divergence

Back 66

The formation of 2 or more separate lineages from one common ancestor, aka evolutionary divergence or diversification

Front 67

Gene flow

Back 67

transfer of genetic material from parents to offspring through sexual and asexual reproduction

Front 68

Gene lineage

Back 68

the tokogenetic history of a particular allele or gene copy

Front 69

hybridization

Back 69

Sexual reproduction between 2 forms (population, species of infaspecies) creating a species, lineage unique to progenitors

Front 70

incipient speciation

Back 70

incomplete evolutionary speciation where intermating may still occur

Front 71

Infraspecies

Back 71

a subspecies level of classification sowing minor or integrating morphological characters

Front 72

Intergrade

Back 72

describing morphological characters not cleanly delineated; pass into another form by a series of intervening forms

Front 73

introgression

Back 73

limited gene flow occurring soon after lineage split

Front 74

Phylogenic relationship

Back 74

Between groups of individuals occurring at a given point in time

Front 75

Phylogeography

Back 75

Research that works to tease apart relationships amongst genotypes within a species or closely related species and correlates it to spatial distribution

Front 76

Species - Taxonomic

Back 76

smallest group of individuals that are similar to one another in one or more features and different from other such groups

Front 77

Species complex

Back 77

a group of closely related species of infraspecies

Front 78

synchronic Species

Back 78

A group of species hat live as contemporaries, in the sane period of time

Front 79

Tokogenetic relationship

Back 79

Relationship between individuals in an ancestral-descendant lineage