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236 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abscission
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the separation of cell layers that occurs at the bases of leaves, floral parts and fruit
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Achene
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a dry, indehiscent fruit with one seed attached to the pericarp
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Aggregate
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A complex fruit type derived from multiple ovules within a single flower |
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Alternate |
An arrangement of phyllotaxy, where the axillary buds and leaves are borne singly at node
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Annual |
A plant which completes its reproductive life cycle in a year, rarely having secondary growth |
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Anthesis |
A timing of flower opening with parts avalible for pollination |
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Apical placentation |
Usually containing a single ovule attached to the top of the ovary |
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Apocrpous |
Referring to non fused carpels within a flower |
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aRBOR |
A root word meaning "tree" in new latin |
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Aril |
A fleshy outgrowth of the funiculus, seed coat or integumentssurrounding some seeds |
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Autotrophs |
A self-feeding organism which utilizes light or chemical energy to make their own food |
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Axile |
Referring to placentation where the ovules are borne on a central column of tissue in a partitioned ovary |
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Basal placentation |
Usually containing a single ovule attached to the bottom of the ovary |
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Berry |
A fleshy fruit containing one to many seeds where all parts are fleshy except the skin-, rind like exocarp |
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Biennial |
a plant which completes it reproductive life cycle in 2 years, rarely having secondary growth |
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Biradial |
A flower type with 2 planes of symmetry |
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Blade, leaf |
the broad, flattened portion of the leaf |
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Bur |
A multiple fruit where achenes or grains are covered in a prickly invoucre |
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Burl |
protective or regenerative woody stems |
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Capsule -fruit |
A dry fruit formed the fusion of many carpels which may open in a variety of ways |
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Caul |
A root word meaning "stem" of Greek origin |
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Cespitose |
Referring to stem habit, having multiple short stemmed shoots arising from the base |
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Cleistogamy |
Either flower never opens or the flower self-pollinates before opening |
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Coleoptile |
Found in seeds of monocotyledonae, a sheath like covering of plumule |
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Coleorhiza |
Found in seeds of monocotyledonae, a sheath like covering of radicle |
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Complete |
A flower type containing all four types of modified sporophylls |
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Compound |
Utilized in descriptions to emphasis subdivision or complex branching within a structure |
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Corymb |
Is an unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence that is flat topped or convex due to the outer pedicels which are progressively longer than inner ones |
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Cycly |
Referring to the number of whorls in a flower |
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cyme |
A determinate inflorescence |
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Decumbent |
Referring to stem habit, trailing or lying flat on the ground; lacking adventitious roots at nodes with the shoot apex ascending |
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Dehisce |
to break or open, thereby expelling contents |
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Dehiscent |
Describing a subcategory of simple, dry fruit which split open at maturity and often contaning many seed |
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Dessucate |
Describing opposite phyllotaxy where the arrangement at one node is 90 degrees from the previous |
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Determinate |
Describing a shoot tip no longer capable of further development |
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Development |
Sum of all growth, morphogenesis and differentiation events that collectively from the body of an organism |
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Distal |
Removed or distant from body center |
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Drupe |
A fleshy fruit usually containing one seed with skin-like exocarp, fleshy mesocarp, a stone-like endocarp |
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Dry fruit |
A fruit type, where at maturity the pericarp becomes dehydrated and hardened often for protection of the seed within |
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Emergent |
Describing an aquatic plant having roots anchored to the substrate and aerial shoots above water |
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Endocarp |
The innermost layer of pericarp, derived from ovary wall, in contact with the seed coat |
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Epicotyl |
Found within mature seeds, the embryonic shoot formed during embryogenesis |
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Epigynous |
Where floral whorls are attached above or on to of the gynoecium |
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Epiphyte |
A plant habitat where a plant is growing on another plant |
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Exocarp |
The most exterior tissue layer of fruit often skin like for protection and derived from the ovary wall |
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Fibrous system |
Describing a root system where the radicle withers and adventitious roots dominate |
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Fleshy fruit |
A fruit type where at maturity the pericarp retains moisture to aid in dispersal |
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Floral head |
Single incomplete flowers are borne collectively on an enlarged compound receptacle |
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Follicle |
A dry fruit with a single carpel that splits open along one side |
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Free-central |
Referring to placentation where the ovules are borne on central column in open ovary |
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Funiculus |
A stalk-like structure that connects the ovule with the ovary wall |
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Geophyte |
A perennial herb with underground perennating rootstock such as bulb, corms, or rhizomes |
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Grain |
A dry, indehscent fruit where one seed is fully fused to the pericarp |
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Habitat |
General environment in which the plant is growing |
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Hardiness zone |
A USDA guide to plant survival based on the average, normal minimum water tempratures |
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Hermaphroditic |
A plant with only perfect, bisexual flowerss |
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Hesperidium |
A subcategory of berry; fleshy fruit containing a leathery rind, axile placentation in the ovule, and sheath-like divisions between the carpels |
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Heterotrophs |
Organisms that feed on others |
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Hilium |
Scar attachment of the funiculus on the seed coat |
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Hypogynous |
Where floral whorls are attached underneath the relative position of the gynoecium |
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Imperfect |
A flower type lacking one or more of the reproductive sprophylls |
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Incomplete |
A flower type lacking one or more types of modified sporophylls |
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Indehiscent |
A subcategory of simple, dry fruit which are closed at maturity with one seed per ovary where more than one ovule may be present |
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Inflorescence |
The arrangement of the flower(s) within a reproductive meristem |
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Involucre |
A group or cluster of bracts subtending an inflorescence often modified for protection of dispersal |
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Irregular |
A flower type of bilateral symmetry |
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Laminar |
Dorsiventrally flattened structure |
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Lateral root |
A root formed from the pericycle or endodermis |
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Leaf |
Main photosynthetic organ in plants which also functions in the movement of water and nutrients |
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Leaf scar |
A mark left on a twig indicicating the position of attachment of an abscissed leaf |
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Legume |
A dry fruit with a single carpel that splits open along both sides |
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Liana |
A woody plant with an elongate, woody stem supported by tendrils or roots attaching to a surface |
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Locule |
Any of small separate cavities within plant organs created specifically in development |
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Margin |
The edge of a leaf which may hold adventitious meristematic areas |
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Marginal |
referring to a placental orientation, a single line of ovules on the exterior wall within the ovary |
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Merosity |
The number of parts per whorl or cycle |
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Mesocarp |
The inner portion of the pericarp often fleshy at maturity and derived from the ovary wall |
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Midrib |
In the leaf of a eudicotyledonae, the central vascular bundle and associated supportive ground tissue |
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Multiple |
A complex fruit type derived from multiple ovules from multiple flowers |
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Nectar |
A solution of one or more sugar compounds which function as a reward for animal interaction |
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Nectary |
A specialized structure within flowers which secretes nectar |
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Nut |
A dry, indehiscent fruit with usually one seed where the pericarp is very thick and hard |
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Opposite |
An arrangement of phyllotaxy, where the axillary buds and leaves are paired at nodes |
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Organ |
Collective tissues with a common function |
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Palmate |
A type of compound leaf where leaflets are arranged from the end of the petiole |
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Panicle |
indeterminate inflorescence with branched short stalks arising from the axis |
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Parasite |
a plant feeding on another plant wholly or partially for its nutrition |
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Parietal placentation |
Containing multiple lines of ovules on the exterior wall within the ovary usually derived from multiple fused carpels |
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Pedicle |
The stem of a flower or of a leaf |
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Peduncle |
The stem of an inflorescence |
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Pepo |
A subcategory of berry; fleshy fruit containing a leathery rind where internal carpels are not derived |
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Perennial |
Usually living less than a year, a plant which does not complete its reproductive lifecycle in a year, often completing secondary growth |
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Perfect |
A flower type containing both types of reproductive sporophylls |
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perigynous |
Where floral whorls are attached around or on the side of the gynoecium |
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Periodicity |
Describing the frequency and timing of repeating phenomena |
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Petiole |
The main supporting stalk of a leaf |
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Petiolule |
a stalk of a leaflet/ pinna of a compound leaf |
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Phyllome |
Collectively, all leaves and structures derived from leaves |
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Phylotaxy |
The arrangement of stems and leaves around the central axis of the plant, established in the apical meristem |
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Pinnate |
A type of compound leaf where leaflets are arranged on the side of a rachis |
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Pistillate |
An imperfect flower containing only female reproductive organs |
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Pitcher |
A modified leaf, shaped like a container for heterotrophic feeding |
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Placenta |
The tissue of the megasporophyll within the ovary that give rise to ovules |
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Placentation |
Referring to the ovule positioning within the ovaries of seed plants |
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Plant habit |
General form of a plant encompassing stem duration, (long/short lived), branching, development, and texture |
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Plant life form |
Aspects of the plant structure, life cycle and physiology |
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Polygamous |
a plant with both perfect and imperfect flowers |
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Pome |
A fleshy fruit with one to many seeds which is derived from a compound, inferior ovary and the receptacle with a cartilaginous endocarp enclosing the seeds |
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primary root |
The enlarged radicle, formed during embryogenesis which becomes the dominant root for the plant |
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pROSTRATE |
Referring to stem habit, trailing or lying flat on the ground; lacking adventitious roots at the nodes |
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Protandry |
Within a single flower, the anthers release pollen before the carpel is receptive |
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Protogyny |
Within a single flower, the carpel is receptive before pollen is released |
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Proximal |
Of or near to body center |
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Pulvinus |
A region of the petiole near the base of stem attachment which can move leaves do to changes in turgor pressure in cells |
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Raceme |
an unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence with flowers on short flower stalks along the axis |
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Radial |
Branching out in all directions from a common center |
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Recepracle |
The enlarged juncture of stem and the whorls of the flower which may contribute structurally to the fruit in some plants |
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Regular |
A flower type with radial symmetry |
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Repent |
Referring to stem habit, trailing, or lying flat on the ground; having adventitious roots at the nodes |
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Rootstock |
An underground stem in perennials and biennials functioning in storage, survival, or reproduction |
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Samara
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A dry, indehiscent fruit with winged achenes |
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Saprophyte |
A plant that feeds wholly on another plant for its nutrition |
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Scale |
a small, non-green leaf function in protection of buds or on rootstock |
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Schizocarp |
A dry, indehiscent compound fruit which splits at maturity however individual carpels do not open |
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Septum |
A partition or cross wall of the ovary |
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Seriate |
Describing the attachment of joining of parts |
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Sessile |
The structure of a leaf or flower lacking a pedicle or petiole |
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Shrub |
A woody perennial having more than one stem arising from the ground |
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Silique |
A dry fruit formed from 2 carpels, with a partition between the carpels where both carpels split from the partition at maturity |
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Simple fruit |
A fruit type derived from a single ovary and which may contain several ovules |
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Solitary |
A single flower at the tip of the determinate meristem |
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Sorosis |
A multiple fruit where the unit fruit are berries laterally fused along a central axis |
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Spadix |
A densely arranged spike enclosed by a specialized leaf called a spathe |
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Spathe |
An enlarged, often colored bract subtending and enclosing the inflorescence |
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Spike |
an unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence having flowers borne directly on the axis |
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Spikelet |
Small spike where each flower is associated with protective bracts; typical of grasses and sedges |
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Spines |
Modified defensive leaves containing vasculature bundles |
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Spiral |
An arrangement of positioning or phyllotaxy, where the organs or tissues arise singly from a node and form helical pattern around a central axis |
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Staminate |
An imperfect flower containing only male reproductive organs |
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Staminode |
A sterile stamen |
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Stem |
Organ that functions in support, storage, and in the movement of water and nutrients |
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Stipules |
Small, paired leaf-like appendages at the leaf base |
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Succulent |
A plant with fleshy stems or leaves |
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Symmetry |
An assessment if the presence and number of mirror-image planes |
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Pympodial |
A linear plant axis arising from multiple meristems |
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Syncarpous |
Referring to fused carpels within a flower |
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Taproot |
Describing a root system where the primary root is the dominate root |
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Tegmen |
The inner layer of the seed coat derived from the inner integument |
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Tendril |
A modified leaf or leaf part that specializes in plant mobility |
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Tentacular |
Describing a modified leaf covered in numerous glandular, sticky bristles or hairs for herterotrophic feeding |
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Testa |
the outer layer of the seed coat derived from the outer integument, or seed coat if only one integument |
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Thorns |
modified defensive stems containing vascular bundles |
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Topology |
Within a cladogram, the structure of the branching diagram representing relative time of evolutionary divergence |
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Trap |
A modified leaf which can move once triggered to capture animals for heterotrophic feeding |
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Tree |
A woody perennial having a single stem arising from the ground |
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Twig |
A small, recent-growth branch of a woody plant |
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Umbel |
Flowers on short stems and multiple floral pedicels of equal length that appear to arise from a common plant |
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Venation |
Describing the pattern of veins and vein branching |
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Vine |
An herbacesous plant with an elongate, weak stem supported by tendrils or roots attaching to a surface |
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Whorl |
A pattern of spirals or concentric circles, describing floral organ attachment to the shoot |
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Whorled |
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Xerophyte |
A plant adapted to grow in generally dry, hot environments |
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Amyloplast |
A modified plastid specializing in the storage of starch in higher plants |
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Annula ring |
The secondary xylem from a single growing season where the spring and summer wood are structurally distant and the transition to the next year's growth evident as a ring |
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Anticlinal |
Side-to-side cell division which in increase the circumference of the organism |
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Bundle sheath |
Parenchyma cells tightly arranged around vascular bundles for short distance transport |
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C3 metabolic pathway |
Aka the CAM cycle, an evolutionary strategy to reduce photorespiration that utilizes temporal separation of O2 Rubisco |
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C4 metabolic pathway |
an evolutionary strategy to reduce photorespiration that utilizes spatial separation via specialized anatomy, kranz anatomy, to physically block O2 from rubisco |
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Central zone |
a region within the shoot apical meristem containing slowly dividing initials |
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Chlorophyll |
A pigment molecule located in the membranes of plants and algae and utilized for light harvest |
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Chromoplasts |
a modified plastid specializing in the storage of pigments in higher plants |
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Collenchyma |
A cell type, alive at maturity, within ground tissues which supports the primary plant body and has unevenly thickened, non-lignified primary cell walls |
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Complex tissue |
A type of tissue composed of 2 or more cell types and usually found within the vascular and dermal tissues |
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Dark reactions |
Aka the Calvin cycle, a metabolic pathway that occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts that converts chemical energy forms and in the process takes atmospheric CO2 and makes hydrocarbon chains |
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Dendrochronology |
The use of tree rings to trace the history of climatic condition in a region |
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Derivatives |
found in the meristem, the daughter cells produced by division of initials which may, too, divide |
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Dichogamy |
A difference in timing of maturation of the stigmatic surface and the release of pollen to encourage outcrossing` |
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Differentiation |
The process were cells from the same origin become different from each other and form the meristematic initials |
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Ergastic substances |
a substance that does not function in metabolism, generally functioning in storage, waste secretion or protection, i.e. secondary metabolites plus structures |
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Fluid mosaic model |
Model of cell membrane structure as a phospholipid bilayer with a mosaic of embedded proteins |
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Ground |
A tissue system of largely undifferentiated cells which form the internal plant body and function in support, photosynthesis, and storage |
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Ground merisem |
Nonvascular parenchyma tissues between and among the vascular bundles of an atactostele |
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Initials |
Found in the meristem, the embryonic cells which serve as a perpetual source of future cells |
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inner bark |
Cell layers between the vascular and cork cambiums |
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L1 |
A developmental layer in shoos, mainly epidermal cells, which includes and gives rise to the problems |
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L2, L3 |
In shoots, sub-dermal developmental layers which give rise to ground, vascular, and eusporangiate reproductive tissues |
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Lateral meristems |
Cylindrical sheaths of meristematic cells which add width and girth |
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Light harvesting complexes |
proteins and associated light capturing pigments which function as antennae to capture kinetic energy from photons of light |
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Light reactions |
Occurring in the thylakoids, a metabolic pathway which captures light energy as NADP and ATP; involves splitting H20 and releasing O2 and H+ |
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Metabolism |
The sum of all chemical reactions in the cell |
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Metaxylem |
Later xylem elements to develop within a vascular bundle and usually larger in diameter |
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Organelles |
Membrane enclosed structures in the cells of Eukarya that preform specific functions |
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Outer bark |
Cell layers external to and including the cork cambium |
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Palisade |
Parenchyma cells in leaves tightly arranged in columns and specialized for light harvest |
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Pavement cells |
An specialized epidermal cell forming the bulk of the epidermis and often irregularly shaped |
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Periclinal |
Inside-outside cell divisions which increase the radius of the organism |
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Periderm |
A dermal tissue commonly replacing the epidermis in stems and roots during secondary growth containing cell layers which are living at maturity |
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Peripheral zone |
An external region within the shoot apical meristem containing rapidly dividing derivatives which form axillary structures like leaves |
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Phellem |
Also known as cork; external to cork cambium, cells are densely arranged as protective layers |
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Phelloderm |
Internal parenchyma-like tissue derived from cork cambium |
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Phellogen |
A bifacial meristem tissue, also known as the cork cambium, giving rise to the cork externally and the phelloderm internally |
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Photosynthesis |
An anabolic process of converting light energy into chemical energy |
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Plumule |
Found within mature seeds, the embryonic shoot tip formed during embryogenesis |
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Protoxylem |
First xylem that matures in a vascular bundle, often small in diameter |
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Ray cells |
A third major vascular component, sister to xylem and phloem, which functions in lateral transport within secondary growth within stems |
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Rib zone |
An internal region within the shoot apical meristem containing rapidly dividing derivatives which form the internal tissues of stems |
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Rubisco |
Ribulose, an enzyme which takes atmospheric gases and hooks them onto organic hydrocarbons |
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Secondary cells |
Describing cell origins, cells arising from cambial layers |
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Simple tissues |
a tissue type composed of a single cell type and usually found within the ground tissue system |
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Spongy |
Parenchyma cells in leaves loosely arranged and specialized for gas exchange |
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Subsidiary cells |
A specialized epidermal cell which metabolically supports the functions of guard cells |
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Trace |
Vascular bundle extending from the stems onto the leaves |
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Transmembrane pathway |
Describing a water collection route where water crosses membranes |
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Transport |
Molecular and ionic movement from one location to another |
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Transverse |
Apical-basal cell divisions which elongate the organism |
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Trichomes |
A specialized epidermal cell for protection, exudation, temperature and water regulation |
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Antipodals |
The three haploid nuclei in the mature embryo sac of seed plants that are located at the chalazal end of the egg sac |
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Apoptosis |
A normal, genetically regulated process leading to the death of cells |
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Archesporial cell |
in the development of megasporangium, the precursor cell to the megasporocyte |
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Chalazal |
A positional term referring to the region of an ovule that is opposite to the micropyle |
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Embryo sac |
the megagametophyte of seed plants reduce to a multicellular structure within sporophytic tissues specifically, the ovules within ovaries |
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Embryogeny |
Development of the embryo within the seed following fertilization or union of gametes to form the zygote |
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Embryology |
study of the development of sporangia, gametophytes and embryos in the land plants |
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Endospermous |
During development of the seed, the triploid endosperm serves a the main storage tissue |
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Endothecium |
Immediately below the epidermis in the anther wall, enlarged cells with specialized wall thickenings to aid in anther dehiscence |
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Globular stage |
The second stage of plant embryogenesis where the protoderm is define |
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Heart stage |
The third stage of plant embryogenesis where the cotyledons are formed and bilateral symmetry is established |
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Mature stage |
The fifth stage of plant embryogenesis where nutrient storage in completed and tissues dehydrate for long term storage |
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Parietal cell |
In the development of some megasporangium, formed from the periclinal division of the archesporial cell, contributes to inner nucellus layers when present |
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Polar nuclei |
2 haploid nuclei in the center of the embryo sac of seed plants which fuse to form a triploid endosperm |
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Suspensor |
A cell created by the first asymmetrical division of the zygote cell, which will feed and support the embryo during development |
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Synergids |
The 2 haploid nuclei in the embryo sac of seed plants that are closely associated with the egg cell and recruit the pollen tube to the egg sac with hormones |
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Tapetum |
Innermost cell layer in the anther wall, support development of pollen grains |
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Theca |
A pair of microsporangia which comprise the anthers of the angiosperm |
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Torpedo stage |
the forth stage of plant embryogenesis where the primary meristem is differentiated |
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Zygotic stage |
The first stage of plant embryogenesis where polarity is established |
