S2 Neuro Exam 3: Reticular Formation

Front 1

Functions of the reticular formation:

Back 1

- maintenance of a conscious state
- sleep & wake cycles
- respiration
- cardiac control
- coordination of brainstem reflexes (chewing, swallowing, etc)

*contains collaterals, provide

Front 2

Interneurons near cranial nerve motor nuclei lie in the reticular formation. What neurons are they contacted by?

Back 2

corticobulbar neurons


(corticobulbar projections end in ret form adjacent to actual CN nuclei)

Front 3

List the primary reticular formatiion nuclei:

Back 3

Precerebellar nucli
Raphe nuclei
The Central Nuclear Group
The Lateral Parvocellular zone
Respiratory control areas
Cardiovascular Control Areas
Neurotransmitter Groupings
Functional Centers

Front 4

______________ nuclei receive highly integrated sensory info & cortical input & project to the cerebellum

Back 4

precerebellar nuclei

(medullary paramedian reticular (from spinal cord, reticulotegmental (afferents from cortex) & lateral reticular nucleus (from Clarke's column)

Front 5

The _________ nucleus is a precerebellar nucleus that receives & integrates sensory motor feedback data from the spinal cord & projects to the cerebellum.

Back 5

lateral reticular nucleus

Front 6

________ nuclei lie near the midline of the brainstem, from the medulla--> brainstem, & use serotonin as their primary neurotransmitter

Back 6

raphe nuclei


(modulate sensory input, consciousness)

Front 7

Raphe nuclei give rise to ascending (rostral) or descending (caudal) projections?

Back 7

BOTH

(both motor & sensory also)

Front 8

__________ nuclei sends descending (caudal) projections to the brainstem & spinal cord nuclei. Fxns relate to regulation of sensory info (some motor affect also)

Back 8

medullary raphe nuclei


(motor activity modulated by nucleus raphe pallidus & nucleus raphe obscuris)**

Front 9

Nucleus__________ projects to spinal cord dorsal horn & makes connections w/ opiate containing neurons (enkephalin) in the _______________

Stimulation of these pathways can produce what?

Back 9

nucleus raphe magnus (one of the medullary raphe nuclei)

periaqueductal gray

produce analgesia w/ little effect on tactile stimuli= pain INHIBITION

Front 10

Opiate antagonists can block what?

Back 10

the stimulation induced analgesia

Front 11

_________ nucleus also projects via (dorsal longitudinal fasciculus) DLF to brainstem preganglionic autonomic neurons and can influence autonomic activity (excitatory or inhibitor)

Back 11

nucleus raphe magnus

Front 12

Where do the rostrally projecting raphe nuclei receive inputs from?

Where do they send ascending projections?

Back 12

a variety of forebrain & brainstem sources


to wide regions of cerebral cortex (via median forebrain bundle)--> serotinergic prokections

Front 13

What processes to the rostrally projecting raphe nuclei affect?

Back 13

sleep
aggressive behavior
neuroendocrine functions

Front 14

The __________ influence appears to be a source of drug actions on cognitive processes (SSRIs)

Back 14

serotinergic

Front 15

The __________ contains a broad range of nuclei over entire brainstem, w/ regions related to both motor & sensory & to general activation of cortex & brainstem

Back 15

the central nuclear group

Front 16

major motor nuclei are the origin of the pontine & medullary ____________ tracts

Back 16

reticulospinal tracts


(reticular arousal system & some eye movement also in central nuclear group)

Front 17

_____________ tract is formed by neurons in pons & descends primarily ipsilaterally. It has powerful EXCITATORY influences on spinal motor neurons.

Back 17

The Pontine (medial) reticulospinal tract

Front 18

The Pontine (medial) reticulospinal tract is (flexor/extensor) biased

Back 18

EXTENSOR biased

*largely to proximal limb musculature (posture)

Front 19

____________ tract is formed in the medulla & descends bilaterally to the spinal cord. It has a strong INHIBITORY influence on spinal motor neurons

Back 19

The medullary (lateral) Reticulospinal tract

Front 20

The medullary reticulospinal tract has reflex activities that are (flexor/extensor) biased

Back 20

EXTENSOR biased


*may mediate generalized muscular atonia during REM sleep (inhibits extensors--> stiff back--> relax)

Front 21

__________ formation is part of the central nuclear group (along w/ accessory oculomotor nuclei) & is associated w/ horizontal & vertical eye movements

Back 21

paramedian postine reticular formation (PPRF)

Front 22

T/F
The central nuclear group also has sensory receiving areas

Back 22

TRUE

(receives sensory collaterals from a broad range of sources)

Front 23

The sensory areas of the central nuclear group project rostrally via _____________

Back 23

the CTT to the thalamus (intralaminar nuclei) & to the zona incerta

Front 24

Where do the sensory receiving nuclei (central group) of the basal forebrain project?

What do they form?

Back 24

cerebral cortex

form the ascending reticular arousal system (ARAS)

Front 25

What do the sensory receiving nuclei of the basal forebrain do?

Back 25

maintain conscious state, desynchronize the EEG for behavior arousal, & activate the EEG for REM sleep

Front 26

_________________ area contains sensory nuclei that regulate specific & nonspecific functions of LOCAL brainstem processing

Back 26

The lateral parvocellular area

Front 27

__________________ nucleus receives sensory info from trigeminal, auditory system, & cortex & projects to cranial motor nuclei associated w/ chewing & swallowing

Back 27

nucleus reticularis parvocellularis (part of lateral parvocellular area)

=chewing & swallowing correlative center*

Front 28

The ______________ contains nuclei that regulate respiration, cardiac cycle & BP

Back 28

medullary parvocellar area

Front 29

The _______ nuclei extend from the medulla to the dorsolateral pons and include the parabrachial complex and Killiker-Fuse nuclei.

Back 29

respiratory nuclei (of medullary parvocellular area)

Front 30

The parabrachial complex (medullary parvocellular) receives a broad variety of ascending visceral info but its most important function is what?

Back 30

regulating respiratory rhythm

Front 31

What are the other primary nuclear groups that regulate respiration?

Back 31

superficial medullary neuronal group
dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group

Front 32

_______________ group near CN 8 & 9 has receptors for O2, CO2 and H+ for CSF.
(regulates respiration via chemoreceptors)

Back 32

The superficial medullary neuronal group

Front 33

The _____________ group (lat. region of solitary nuc) integrates respiratory sensory info from superficial medullary neuronal group, carotid & aortic bodies, & vagus (stretch receptors).
What is its influence on the phrenic nucleus?

Back 33

the dorsal respiratory group (‘Inspiratory area”) (DRN)


has contralateral "inspiratory" influence on phrenic nucleus

Front 34

The _______ group projects from C1 to the caudal pons. It is excitatory to phrenic and throacolumbar motor neurons associated with respiration (via DRN).

How does it differ from DRN?

Back 34

ventral respiratory group (VRN)



mostly expiratory instead of inspiratory

Front 35

The _____________ are part of the ventral respiratory group that inhibit respiratory motor neurons.

A sub part of this group the __________ nuclei appears to generate the respiratory rhythm.

Back 35

Botzinger complex of nuclei
(prevents inspiration/exhalation at same time

pre-Botzinger nuclei = generate resp rhythm
(all others regulate, not generate)

Front 36

The ______________ nuceli (part of prebrachial complex) is the "pneumotaxic center", a primary respiratory regulator

Back 36

Kolliker-Fuse nuclei

(regulates NOT generate)

Front 37

Central respiratory influences from higher autonomic control centers is via ____________nuclei

Local respiratory reflexes from carotid & aortic bodes (CO2 levels) is via ___________________

Back 37

DRN, VRN, parabrachial complex (Botzinger, Kolliker-fuse) nuclei

superficial medullary neuronal groups

Front 38

The superficialy medullary area also provides sensory input for cardiovascular influences in the medulla
This input is integrated by the _____________ nucleus at the level of CN IX and X.

Back 38

medial solitary nucleus

Front 39

The medial solitary nucleus receives information from the superficial medullary group and receives stretch receptor information from the __________.

Back 39

carotid sinus

Front 40

Where does the medial solitary nucleus send information?

What do these projections stimulate ?

Back 40

to the vagal motor nucleus (parasympathetic)


cardiovascular response--> decreases HR & increases BP

Front 41

The central nuclear group also contributes to cardiovascular response via projects to ______________

What do these projections stimulate?

Back 41

project to the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord

peripheral vasodilation (sympathetic

Front 42

What do the catecholaminergic group of the reticular formation contain?

Back 42

norepi, epi, and/or dopamine

(designates as A1, C1, A2-A11)

Front 43

The ________is the major rostrally projecting catecholaminergic nucleus and supplies much of the forebrain.

It plays an important role in what?

Back 43

locus coeruleus (A6)


sleep mechanisms (motor activity)

Front 44

The ________________ is the most prominent cholinergic nuclei of the brainstem, it appears to generate locomotor patterns (walking)

Back 44

pedunculopontine nucleus

(fxns via Ach)

Front 45

The area postrema (chemical trigger zone, area for emesis) is located in the _______ ventricle near the ___________

Back 45

4th ventricle

vagal triangle

Front 46

The area postrema has no ___________

Back 46

BBB

Front 47

The area prostrem forms the afferent limb of the __________ reflex & is sensitive to emetic drugs.

Back 47

vomiting reflex

Front 48

The reticular formation is the source of 2 primary spinal cord tracts. What are they?

Back 48

1. lateral Reticulospinal tract
2. medial reticulospinal tract