S2 Neuro Exam 1: Neuroembryology 1

Front 1

Neuroectoderm is produced from ____ by induction from the ___, a mesodermally derived structure that will eventually form the vertebral column.

Back 1

ectoderm

notochord

Front 2

The neural plate is induced to form by the expression of the _______ gene in the mesoderm and notochord that produces what protein?

Back 2

sonic hedgehog

SHH protein. (The protein induces the differentiation of neuroectoderm and is responsible for the development of ventral neural tube structures. )

Front 3

_______ occurs in the future rostral areas of of the neural plate. This process will give rise to the brain and spinal cord through lumbar levels.

Back 3

Primary neurulation

Front 4

Primary neurulation gives rise to what?

Back 4

brain and spinal cord through the lumbar levels

Front 5

_______ occurs at the future caudal end of the neural plate and will give rise to sacral and coccygeal levels of the spinal cord.

Back 5

Secondary neurulation

Front 6

The synthesis of microtubules is inhibited by ____, and the contraction of microfilaments is inhibited by ___

Back 6

chochicine

cytochalasin

Front 7

Secondary neurulation arises from a cell mass called the ___.

Back 7

caudal eminence

Front 8

The open ends of the neural tube are called ____. The anterior one is located in what will become the ____. The posterior will become the ____.

Back 8

neuropores

lamina terminalis

mid lumbar spinal cord

Front 9

The neuroblasts will form the_____ , while the neuroepithelial cells form the ________

Back 9

mantle zone
ventricular zone

Front 10

_______ expression appears important in the development of dorsal patterning

Back 10

Bone morphogenic protein

Front 11

The guidance of growing peripheral neurons to their targets appears to be regulated by pathways of extracellular matrix molecules such as ______ and receptors on neuronal processes called ____

Back 11

fibronectin, laminin

integrins

Front 12

After the anterior neuropore closes, (4th week) there is rapid growth of tissue in the cranial region, initially forming three primary brain vesicles:
Prosencephalon (forming the ______)
Mesencephalon (forming the _____)
Rhombencephalon (forming the _____)

Back 12

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

Front 13

The rhombencephalon divides at the pontine flexure to form the _____ caudally and the ______ rostrally.

Back 13

myelencephalon
metencephalon

Front 14

The prosencephalon is divided by the telencephalic flexure to form the _____ rostrally and the _____ caudally.

Back 14

telencephalon
diencephalon

*This is called prosencephalization

Front 15

____ is composed of the 2 cerebral hemispheres, the preoptic area and most of the basal ganglia

Back 15

Telencephalon

Front 16

The pons and cerebellum is formed from the _____

Back 16

Metencephalon

Front 17

The medulla is formed from the _____

Back 17

myelencephalon

Front 18

The brainstem develops from the _______(medulla),_____ (pons) and _____ (midbrain).

Back 18

myelencephalon
metencephalon
mesencephalon

Front 19

In general, motor related nuclei of the brainstem are located ______and sensory related nuclei are ______

Back 19

medial and ventral
dorsal and lateral.

Front 20

The cerebellum develops from the dorsolateral parts of the ___ ___ that bend medially to form the _____. These join to form the _____

Back 20

alar plates
rhombic lips
cerebellar plate

Front 21

The _____forms the optic nerve and retina

Back 21

optic cup

Front 22

The Olfactory bulb and tract, Basal Ganglia, Amygdala, Hippocampus are derivatives of what?

Back 22

Telencephalic vesicle

Front 23

The cavities of the ____vesicles become the lateral ventricles, the _____ cavity the third ventricle, the _____ cavity the cerebral aqueduct, and the ______ cavity the fourth ventricle.

Back 23

telencephalic
diencephalic
mesencephalic
rhombencephalic

Front 24

Cerebral cortex develops from the an area of the neural tube called the ______.

Back 24

pallium

Front 25

____ is The number of neurons produced during embryogenesis

Back 25

neuronal density

Front 26

The nervous system is derived from ____ induced by the _____.

Back 26

neuroectoderm
notochord

Front 27

A neural plate is formed by what time?

Back 27

the third week of gestation

Front 28

The major commissures develop with the ____ initially in the area of the _____

Back 28

telencephalon
lamina terminalis

Front 29

What are the three important processes of perinatal and early postnatal development?

Back 29

changes in neuronal density, neural process outgrowth with myelination, and syaptogenesis and plasticity.

Front 30

Dysraphic defects are associated with a failure of ____

Back 30

neurulation (neural tube and neural pore.

Front 31

The incidence of dysraphic effects can be reduced by nutritional supplementation with ____

Back 31

folic acid

Front 32

Arnold-Chairi Malformation ...

Back 32

is the herniation of the cerebellum through the foramen Magnum as a result of dysraphic defects, typically cystic defects.

Front 33

______ occurs from a defect in proencephalization. This may occur as____ or _____forms.

Back 33

Holoprosencephaly

alobar or semilobar

Front 34

Dandy- Walker malformation is a congenital _________, usually with aplasia of the cerebellar vermis.

Back 34

cystic dilation of the 4th ventricle