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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What were the 2 main challenges Augustus faced after winning the civil wars?
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Established Well-defined borders
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What natural geographic borders did Augustus use to establish the boundaries of the Empire?
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Sahara Desert in the South
Parthian Empire in the east Rhine and Danube Rivers in the North. |
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What is meant by the term client kings? What kingdoms did Rome establish this relationship
with? |
Supported native leaders, but they had to follow Romes lead in foreign polices and adopt Roman culture .
Mauretania Judea Thrace Commagene |
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What is the distinction between imperial provinces and senatorial provinces? What was the
idea behind dividing the provinces like this? |
Governed by legates, knights appointed by Augustus (equitaes)
Military zone Egypt Governed by proconsuls, senators of cnsular rank. Non Military zones (mostly) to avoid people training armies that were loyal to generals rather than Rome. |
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What did Augustus do to help ensure the provinces were taxed fairly?
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Fixed tribute
Pay and staff for governors Worldwide census |
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What is meant by the term Romanization?
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Spread of Roman culture.
Top-Down approach Roman coinage Roads and other construction projects |
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What were typical building projects undertaken by provincial governors that helped unify the
Empire? |
Roads
Theaters aqueducts Amphitheaters |
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What 2 ways did Augustus institute for provincials to gain Roman citizenship?
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Bottom-Up approach
Cult of Rome and Augustus Availability of Roman citizenship By serving as decuurion By service in the army |
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How was membership in the equestrian and senatorial classes stabilized under Augustus?
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Adlection by powers of censor
Commendatio: Recommendation for election. |
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Where were the legions stationed under Augustus? How was this different from their role in the
Republic? |
Reduction in size
25 legions Stationed at frontiers Normally in imperial provinces Commanded by Augustus or his family |
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What is the Praetorian Guard? What was its purpose?
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They were an elite group of soldiers requited from the legions. They were paid more and had a shorter term of services. They acted as an emergency defense to the city.
Commanded by an equestrian prefect. |
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How did Augustus change recruitment into and retirement from the legions? Why was this
particularly important? |
The legions made permanent, not ad hoc conscription.
Pay regularized 225 Denarri a year Donatives on special occasions. Retirement Plan (17 years) 3,000 Denarii or Land allotment. |
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How did the legions contribute to the Romanization of the provinces?
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Public works
Spread of Latin Opportunity of citizenship |
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What were some of the means Augustus used to present himself as the friend and protector of
the Roman people? |
Use of images
Coinage Ara Pacis Augustae Temples Entertianments Circus races Gladiatorial shows Patronage Defender of people as having tribunicia potestas |
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What were Augustus’ moral reforms? What was their purpose?
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Curb conspicuous consumption
Led by example . Pro-family legislation Privileges for parents of three children Restrictions on childless and bachelors Transfer of adultery to civic law Reform religion Rebuilt temples Saecular Games To reform the morals of the Republic people. It was done because the whole running of the Roman state depended on Roman traditions and values. |
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What was the main problem of the succession?
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He kept out living most of his potential successors.
He had no sons of his own. Early candidates (Marcellus and Agrippa) died young. Officially selected grandsons Gaius and Lucius. Adopted both of them. Shared tribunicia potestas Gave military commands Later selected stepson Tiberius. |
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Who is Juno? What has she got against Aeneas?
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Juno is the queen of the gods (Roman version of Hera)
Enemy of the Trojans |
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Who is Aeneas? What is the gods plan for him?
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Fugitive from Troy
Destined to found the Roman race Identified with Carthaginian Tanit Keep him from reaching the promise land by blowing him of course. |
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When he is blown off course in book 1, where does Aeneas end up? What is the significance of
this place for the Romans? |
Libya
Recovers most of the Trojans Sets off to scout. It's Africa, a forbidden place that's full of monsters and horrible people. |
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What does Aeneas see on the walls of Juno’s temple? What message does he take from these?
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Depicts scenes from the Trojan war
They take heart that Dido has hear of their story and will take pity on them and accept them into her home. |
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Who is Dido? What does Venus do to her?
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She's an African Queen
Venus has Amor (cupid) disguise himself as Ascanius. Amor makes Dido fall in love with Aeneas. |
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Who is Priam? What happens to him? What historical figure is he supposed to remind us of?
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He's the King of Troy, he is killed by Achilles son.
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Who is Anna? What does she advise Dido to do with Aeneas?
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Her sister.
She encourages her to embrace her love for Aeneas. |
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What plans do Venus and Juno make for Dido and Aeneas? How does it turn out?
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Juno proposes a 'wedding'
Venues goes along. Aeneas and Dido are 'married in a cave. |
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What message does Mercury bring to Aeneas? How does he react?
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Mercury tells Aeneas to go to Italy.
He hesitates |
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How does Dido react to Aeneas’ plans to leave Carthage?
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Dido pounces and collects Aeneas' things 'for a spell'
She kills herself and curses Aeneas. |
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What happens to Dido in the end?
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She's reunited with the spirit of her first husband.
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Why does Aeneas have to go to the underworld?
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To receive his final instructions.
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What does Aeneas do when he meets Dido’s ghost in the underworld? Has he learned anything?
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He tries to talk to, realising what their marriage meant to her. Yes he has learned his lesson.
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What does Anchises show Aeneas? Why?
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The paradise of the fallen heroes. He explains that he must found Roman race in Italy so these fallen man can live once more.
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What charge or mission does Anchises give Aeneas?
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Pacify
To impose the rule of law to spare the conquered To battle down the proud. |
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In book 12, what do the gods decide about Aeneas and the Trojans?
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The gods finally decide to make peace
Jupiter speaks for fate. Juno demands that the Trojans give up their name They became 'Latins' and the fate of Rome is secured. |
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Social Stability
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Class of 'freedmen'
Freed Slaves Could not hold offic or become Knights or senators Children were full citizens. |
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What is the Julio-Claudian Dynasty? Which emperors were part of it?
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Tiberius, Gaius, Claudius, Nero
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Who is Sejanus? What did he try to do?
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He's from the equestrian class, he's the prefect of the praetorian guard. He convinces to consolidate into a single camp near Rome, instead of the smaller camps.
Convinced him to retire to Capri. |
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What was the main problem Tiberius had in continuing Augustus’ policies?
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His relationship with the people was never the same as Augustus. It put a strain on the senate.
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What problems with the principate did the reign of Gaius (Caligula) demonstrate?
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Interesting
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What was the major territorial expansion in the reign of Claudius?
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The conquest of Great Britain.
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What seem to have been Nero’s real interests? What happened to the Empire during his reign?
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Nero (54-68):
He had little interest in the running of the country. His real interest seemed to be in the Art and Culture. His love causes a serious rift between the aristocracy and the senatorial. |
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When was the Year of the Four Emperors?
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The year of the Four Emperors was 68BCE-79BCE.
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What ‘secret of empire’ did the Year of the Four Emperors reveal?
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Huh
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What emperors were part of the Flavian Dynasty?
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Vespasian
Titus (79-81): Eruption of Vesuvius (79) Domitian (81-96): Expansion in Britain and German. |
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What were the main accomplishments of Vespasian and Titus? What monuments
commemorate them? |
They complete the war in Judea.
The coliseum The Arch of Titus. |
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What long-term trend in the relationship between the emperors and people of Rome did Domitian particularly accelerate?
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Encouraged court poets and flatters to elaborate the image of him as a god.
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Who are the Five Good Emperors or the Antonine Dynasty?
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Nerva (96-98)
Trajan (98-117) Hadrian (117-138) Antoninus (138-161): Peace and Prosperity, Compromise with Senate, Neglect of army and frontiers. Marcus Aurelius. |
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What was unique about Trajan’s background?
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Trajan: (98-117)
First provincial Emperor. He was the first non-Italian emperor. |
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What territories did Trajan add to the Empire?
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Dacia: Commemorated on Column of Trajan.
Campaign in Mesopotamia. Scotland in the north to the Sahara dessert in the south. From the Atlantic ocean to the Persian Gulf. |
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Where did Hadrian spend much of his reign? What long-term trend does this reflect?
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Traveling throughout the Providences.
That the Providences become closer and closer in importance with the Italian homeland. |
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What philosophy did Marcus Aurelius follow? How did it affect his rule?
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Stoicism
Pupil of Epictetus Eis Heauton or Meditations |
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What border did Marcus Aurelius spend most of his reign defending?
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The Northern border.
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Who was Tacitus? When did he live? What were his main works?
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Born 56/57 CE Cornelius Tacitus was born in Northern Italy (Or Gaul, or the Rhine border).
Germania and Agricola (98) Dialogue on Orators (102) -Histories (106-107) Years of 4 emperors, Flavians. Annals (115) -Tiberius through Nero. |
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Who is Sejanus? How does Tacitus describe him and his designs?
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He's from the equestrian class, he's the prefect of the praetorian guard. He convinces to consolidate into a single camp near Rome, instead of the smaller camps.
Year of Tiberius' Reign (23 CE) He describes him as a villain mastermind. |
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How does Tacitus describe the Empire under Tiberius? What is the purpose of this excursus?
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To show his readers the peace of the empire.
Fair policies But Tiberius' fails to win favour. |
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Who is Drusus? What does Sejanus do to him?
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Tiberius' son, the heir apparent.
He seduces Drusus' wife livilla. |
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How does Tiberius react to Drusus’ death? What about Tiberius’ character does Tacitus use this episode to explore?
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Sejanus poisons Drusus through the eunuch lygdus.
He see's him as a manipulative chess player, who is always hiding his motive to draw out his opponents. |
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How does Tacitus describe his historical method in this section?
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Followed the most numerous and reputable authorities
Records additional 'rumors', only to refute them. Eyewitness Apatia noted as source of authoritative reason. |
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How does Tacitus balance the roles of the Provinces and Rome at the end of the year?
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He divides them up between strict one year sections.
They're neatly divided between the Providences and the cities of Rome. |
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Who is Poppaea? What does she demand of Nero?
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She's the wife of Claudius.
She seduces him Nero and demands that he get rid of Otho; who is made governor of Lusitania. |
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Who is Octavia? Why does she stand in Poppaea’s way?
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Octavia is Nero's wife. She can't put into motion her plans with Nero still married to Octavia.
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Who is Agrippina? Why does she want to support Octavia against Poppaea?
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She is Nero's mother, it was the justification that Nero could become the ruler. The succession is preserved. To control Nero.
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What is Anicetus’ suggestion to Nero about how to deal with Agrippina?
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He suggests that Nero lead Agrippina onto a collapsible ship.
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How does Anicetus’ plan come off?
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It's something as a comedian of errors. Nothing goes off as planned.
The collapse es badly. Swims to shore. Realise the plot. |
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How does Tacitus paint the scene between Nero and his advisors when they learn that Agrippina is still alive?
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He depicts it as a farce, where everyone is tripping over one another to outdo the other.
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Year of the 4 Emperors:
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Galba (68-69)
Governor of Nearer Spain Bribed Praetorian Guard Otho (69) Governor of Lusitania Bribed Praetorian Guard. Vitellius (69) Acclaimed by Rhine armies Defeats Otho at Bedriacum. Vespasian (69-79) General in Judea Selected by Senate. |
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Reestablishment of Principate.
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Represented himself as a tough soldier
Settled Gaul and Judea. Reformed the Army Senate and Emperor Expanded the senate Enrolled provincials. Recruits administrators from equestrian class. Regularizes taxation in provinces. |
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Nervan and Trajan:
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Nerva (96-98)
Appointed by Senate Adopts Popular general Trajan |
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Approach (In the Annals)
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Relies on ealires accounts for facts, basic narrative
Supplements widely with documentary evidence Balance between Rome and Periphery Focuses on understanding the imperial system. |
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Who was Juvenal? What do we know about him?
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Decimus Junius (Born 55)
Very little known about his life Lived in Rome Poem published under Trajan and Hadrian D. 138 |
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In the first satire, what are some of the ‘types’ that Juvenal suggests will be the target of his
satire? |
Tedious poets
Nouveu-riche Informers Legacy-hunters. Corrupt Courts Husbands pimping their wives Wives poisoning their husbands All human endeavors. |
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In the third satire, who is Umbricius? What is he planning to do?
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He's decided to leave Rome and live the quite light in the sea side.
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What does Umbricius say is the problem with Rome?
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There's no work for an honest man!
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What, do we get the impression, is the real reason Umbricius wants to leave?
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Umbricius real problem is that he's a racist.
Heroic Daedalus turns out to be anther 'Greekling' The Greeks can act (lie), so they're at an advantage. |
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How does Umbricius contrast the Greeks and Romans?
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No sense of Roman patronage
He sold out his students for a bounty |
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How does Umbricius contrast traditional Roman values with how life is lived now?
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Slave or free, it's money that matters!
It's all keeping-up-with the Flaviuses. |
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How did the role of the paterfamilias change in the Pax Romana?
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General leveling of rights
The rights of the paterfamilias curtailed The right to kill and or enslave his children has been all but become instinct. |
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What was the general development of the role of women and the form of marriage in the Pax Romana?
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Marriage sine manu prevails
'Guardianship' of women often an empty letter Legally still required a guardian to show ownership of property or to handle legal business. |
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What trends do we see in the number and value of slaves in the Pax Romana?
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Slave labor decreased (probably).
As a result of the wars their isn't a vast number of slaves. Slaves that are mentioned are highly valuable and well trained. Their status was more close to free citizen. |
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What trends do we see in life and opportunities of the provincials in the Pax Romana?
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Urbanization of provinces
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What are some of the institutions in the Pax Romana that promoted trade?
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Roman government nominally open to provincials.
Senate under Claudius Administration under Vespasian Trajan in the first provincial emperor. |
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What were the most important trade partners of the Roman Empire?
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Trends in Trade
Specialization by geography Luxury trade with the east. |
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What problems with the Roman economy do we start do develop in the Pax Romana?
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Peace and prosperity
Unprecedented ease of trade The Roman roads Suppression of piracy and banditry Stable currency Threat to the currency Negative balance of trade with the east Army is increasingly expensive to maintain. |
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Who were some of the historians and biographers who wrote during the Pax Romana?
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History and Biography
Pliny the Elder The German Wars History of His times (abandon histories and move towards biographies) Tacitus Agricola Histories Annals Seutonius Lives of the Caesars Plutarch Parallel Lives |
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Who were some of the satirists who wrote during the Pax Romana?
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Petronius Satyricon
Persius Satires Juvenal Satires Apuleius Metamorphoses (The Golden Ass) Lucian Satires |
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What were the two main parts of the state religion in the Pax Romana?
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The State Religion
The Pax Deorum Emperor worship |
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What is a ‘mystery cult’? What are some examples?
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Practices offered a sense of emotional connection within that group. Local practices that were generally transformed so that a large group could participate in them.
Isis and Serapis Cyele (official sanctioned cult) Mithras (Best documented) Originated in Persia Spread throughout empire (esp in army) Characteristic Belief in afterlife Offered emotional connection |
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When did Judaism come into conflict with the Roman Empire?
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Revolt under Nero and Vespasian
Destruction of Jursualem in 70CE Revolt under Hadrian (135 BCE) |
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What was the main development of Judaism in the Pax Romana?
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Officially tolerated by Julio Claudians
Expulsion from Judaea in 135 CE Disaspora (Scattering) Development of Rabbinic Judaism |
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What were some of the ways early Christianity came into conflict with the Roman Empire?
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Teaching of Jesus under Tiberius (C. 27CE)
Spread quickly under Claudius and Nero Roman Reactions Claudius: expulsion of the Jews Nero: first persecutions (Looses sympathies) Domitian: persecutions for failing to sacrifice to the emperor Antonines; broadly tolerant Numbers uncertain, probably small. |
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Trends in the Roman Economy
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Transformation of the agrarian economy
dominance of latifundia Transformation of labor force to tenant farmers Specialization in cash crops. |
