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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What larger language family does Latin belong to? What related languages besides Latin were spoken in early Italy?
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Indo European (2000 BCE)
Celts (800 BCE): |
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Who are the Celts or Gauls? Where did they settle? How were they different from the Romans?
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Danube and Rhine River.
Slow to develop cities Tribal organization rather than a city organization. Centered on aristocratic warriors |
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Who were the Carthaginians? Why were they so important in early Rome?
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Phonecian colony founded in Tunis
The Carthaginians were notable as trading competitors of the Romans and the two fought a series of wars (the Punic Wars) ending with the destruction of Carthage in 146 BCE. |
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Where in Italy, in relation to Rome, were most of the Greek colonies founded in the Archaic Age?
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Southern Italy and Sicily (8th Cetury BCE)
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Who were the Etruscans? Where in Italy did they settle? What were some of the ways they influenced Roman culture?
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North Central Italy (Tuscany)
Dominant Culture In central Italy |
Religion
Stone Construction Cloaca maxima and forum Alphabet Pottery |
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Who were Romulus and Remus? How far can we trust the legends about them and the kings in general?
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Kings of Rome, brothers (753)
We can broadly accept it. |
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Who were the Tarquins? What other Italian group were they associated with? What Greek political model is similar to their rule?
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Etruscan
Greek Tyrants. |
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What is meant by the term paterfamilias? What powers did he have? Briefly describe the form of marriage ‘with manus’.
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Head of household has absolute authority.
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Absolute authority within the household.
The only person who could represent the person in the courts. Hand |
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What is the Roman social institution of clientele? Who are the ‘client’ and ‘patron’?
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Hierarchical relationships: a ‘client’ is a dependent on a ‘patron’
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Patron represents the client in certain matters.
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What is the difference between the patricians and plebeians in Roman society?
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Patricians are aristocracy, composed Senate
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Plebeians are everyone else.
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What is the pax deorum? Why is it so important in Roman religion?
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Peace with the Gods
Contract to be maintained with the gods for favor. |
Gods not so much personalities as forces of nature.
Various colleges of priesthood maintained the appropriate rituals |
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What is meant by the term mos maiorum?
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The ways of the Ancestors
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Strongly traditional approach to life.
General Values of discipline and industry Could be very legalistic. |
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Who is Livy? When did he write his history?
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A historian, from Northern Italy, Patavium (Padua).
59 BCE-14CE |
Under the emperor Augustus.
142 books from 753 BCE 9BCE |
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In the legend of the foundation of Rome, who are Amulius, Numitor, Rhea Silvia, Romulus, and Remus?
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Brother of King Numitor.
Daughter of Numitor, vestal. |
Twins of Rhea Silvia
Saved by a wolf. |
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Why do Romulus and Remus quarrel? What happens?
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They quarrel over who should name the city and be he ruler of it.
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They search for omens to solve the dispute. Remus is killed.
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How does Romulus try to get wives for the Romans at first? What plan finally works?
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He asks Italian cities for inter marriage.
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They hold a festival and grab a bunch of wives.
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How is peace finally made between the Romans and Sabines?
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Peace is made by the woman.
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In the legend of the fall of the monarchy, who are Junius Brutus, Sextus Tarquin, Collatinus, and Lucretia?
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Bd
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What is Sextus Tarquin doing, officially, during the story?
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Seizing the city of Ardea.
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What does Lucretia do to prove her innocence?
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She tells her story and to prove her innocence she stabs herself.
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Who, according to the story, is primarily responsible for expelling the kings from Rome?
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Brutus.
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What happened to Rome in 390 BCE? How did this affect their general foreign policy?
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The Gallic Sack Rome
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Leads to defensive Posture
-Servian' wall Reorganization of Legions. Defensive treaties. |
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What were the immediate responses the Romans made to the Sack of Rome?
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Leads to defensive Posture
Servian' wall Reorganization of Legions. Defensive treaties. |
Rome only entered wars that someone else started.
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What was the Roman motive for going to war in the First Samnite War?
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They enter the war to keep Samnite weaker than them.
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Samnite War (343-341 BCE)
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What is meant by the term cives sine suffragio?
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Citizens with out the vote
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The ejoyed the rights of marriage and free trade.
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What is meant by the term ius Latinum?
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They gave the Latins a form of citizen ships: The Latin Rights.
Inter marriage Trade Right to Vote But not the right to hold office |
Great Latin Revolt (340-338 BCE)
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What is the importance of the Appian Way in the Second Samnite War? What lesson did the Romans learn from this?
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It helped move troops around as well as supplies and acted as a direct link to other cities.
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They Learned important strategic lessons.
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Who is Pyrrhus of Epirus? What is meant by a Pyrrhic victory?
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He was a king who resided in northern Greece. He wanted to establish his own Kingdom. The victories Pyrrhus achieved
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The War With Pyrrhus (280-275BCE) Tarintum.
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What was the purpose of the colonies Rome established in southern Italy during the Pyrrhic War?
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They were established for defensive purposes.
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What was the Carthaginians’ main advantage in the First Punic War? How did Rome meet this challenge?
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They had no Roman navy.
They first built replica's of the ships, however cities under their control offer up their ships and soldiers. |
265 BCE
227BCE annexation of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. |
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Where is the city of Saguntum? What is its importance in the Second Punic War?
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In the southern area of Italy.
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219 BCE Second Punic War
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Third Samnite war (298BCE-290BCE)
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Scoii ‘dependent allies’
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Politically independent/ No roman citizen.
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What was Rome’s strategy at the beginning of the Second Punic War (leading to the battles of Trebbia, Lake Trasimene, and Cannae)? What did it lead to?
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They wan to maintain a buffer zone between them and their enemies.
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The roman army was unprepared and they're defeated (218 BCE).
Lake Trasimene (217 BCE) Cannae (216 BCE) |
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What is the Fabian Strategy?
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Avoided direct contact with Hannibal's army. He wears his army down evetualy.
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How did Rome finally bring the Second Punic War to an end?
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Rome starts to control the battlefields. The Siege of Syracuse (211 BCE)
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210-206 BCE scipio sent to Spain and ends the war in that theater.
208 BCE Metaurus: Hannibal is confined to the south. 202 Battle of Zama |
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Why did Rome get involved with Macedonia and Greece?
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To keep Rome out of Italy and to reassert it's prestige. (200-197 BCE)
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Syrian War (192-188 BCE)
3rd Macedoian War (170-168 BCE) 3rd Punic War (149-146 BCE) 4th Macedonia War |
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How big an army did Rome prepare to lead against Hannibal?
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Eight legions
40, 000 Soliders 8,000 calvary. 90,000 Men. |
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What approaches to Hannibal are taken by the generals Varro, Fabius, and Paullus?
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Varro: Blames the nobles, he wants to go out and fight and win the war as soon as possible.
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Fabius: Hanging back
Paullus: He pretty much sides with varro. |
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Where was Hanniabal at the beginning of 216? Where did he go? Why?
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Cannae, he was going south because they had run out of food.
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How does Livy describe the area around Cannae and where the Romans and Carthaginians set up camp?
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Vaguely.
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What was the result of the battle?
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The Romans are attacked on all sides.
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Their formation is broken and their compressed in small areas.
Paullus is killed during the battle and the Roman army is wiped out. |
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About how many Romans survived? Which of the generals survived?
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20,000 Soldiers survived.
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Varro survives
Some prisoners taken and most killed. |
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What did Hannibal fail to do after the battle?
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He refuses to march onto Rome.
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What were the duties of Rome’s provincial governors?
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Governed by former magistrates (Proconsuls, praetors).
Provide for defense Collect Taxes. |
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What were two ways the Romans collected taxes from the provinces?
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They collected it from the land
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What is the purpose of the quaestio de repetundis or ‘extortion court’?
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Was a court system set up to deal with the extortion that was going on with the taxing system.
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What was the main problem Tiberius Gracchus wanted to solve? What was his plan?
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Diminution of small farms.
Sources of Soldiers for Roman army. Lost during long campaigns Farming less appealing to free population. Service less appealing to small farmers. Distribute ager publicus to urban poor: 500 Jugera for individual 250 Jugera for each child. Tiberius passed in tribal assembly in defiance of senate (Plebiscite). Funded by another plebiscite. |
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What happened to Tiberius Gracchus? Why?
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Tiberius passed in tribal assembly in defiance of senate (Plebiscite).
Funded by another plebiscite. They started a riot and killed by rioters, along with 300 of his followers. |
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What groups did Gaius Gracchus try to build together into a coalition?
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Urban Poor, equites, and citizens rights.
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What crisis the Romans elect Gaius Marius to meet? What unprecedented steps did he take to resolve it?
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Invasion of Teutones and Cimbri
Marius elected consul in 107. Removed land qualifications for services in army Reorganization of army in maniples. |
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What major problem did Marius’ reforms create for the rest of the Republic?
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Soldiers less tide to Rome, more loyal to individual general.
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What is meant by the ‘Social War’? Who were the Romans fighting? What did they want?
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The Social war was a civil war between the Romans and their Italian allies. Like the American Civil war, it was very costly.
They were fighting the Italians. They were fighting for equality. |
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What position did Sulla take? What was his main impact on Roman politics?
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He wanted to restore the old ways with the senate in control.
He has himself appointed dictator. He reduces the power of the tribune and tribal assembly. He moved the extortion from the equitaes to the senate. HE expanded the roles of Senators. |
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How did Crassus come to prominence? What seem to have been his goals?
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He came to prominence through the army. The slave Revolt of 73 lead by Spartacus.
He wanted to remain behind the scenes using his wealth to control the politics. |
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What were some of Pompey’s successful commands?
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70's foughtrevel Stertorius in spain
71 joined Crassus against Spartacus 70 Consul 67 command against pirates. 63 Settlement of east. |
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What is the ‘Revolt of Catiline’? What did Cicero do to stop it?
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It was a revolt that Catiline instigated as a result of a lost election.
He denounced Catiline to the senate and Cicero was given permission to handle the situation. |
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What general position or ‘party’ did Julius Caesar belong to in Roman politics?
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The popularies
62 elected praetor to serve as governor in Spain. 60 retuns and runs for consulship. |
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Who were the members of the First Triumvirate? What did each want out of it?
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Crassus wants New military command.
Pompi wants to settle his veterans. Caesar wants the consulship and provincial command. |
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Why did the First Triumvirate break down? What happened to Crassus and Pompey?
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Crassus killed in Parthia.
Senate refuses to allow Caesar to rn for another consulship in 50. Cesar marches on Rome in 49 Senate nominates Pompey to defend the state. Battle of Pharsalus 48 |
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How did Caesar try to consolidate power in Rome? What happened to him?
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45 nominated dictator perpetuus 'dictator for life.
Building program and reforms. 44 assisinated in Theater of Pompey |
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Who were the ‘Tyrannicides’? What was their plan to restore the Republic after Caesar’s death?
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Those who actually commit the act of killing a tyrant. Brustus and Cassius.
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Who were the members of the Second Triumvirate? What was their first goal?
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Antony, Octavian and Lepidus
Caesars murder must avenged and the tyrannicides must be dealt with (43 BCE) |
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What were Octavian and Antony’s tasks after the defeat of the Tyrannicides?
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Divisions of the Roman world (41 BCE)
Antony: The East Lepidus: The West Octavian: Itay |
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When was the battle of Actium? Why is it so important?
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31 BCE.
Without the battle of Actium, there might not have been a Roman emperor. |
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What is meant by ‘The Augustan Settlement’?
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The following proinces were given to Augustus to be governed by him for a period of 10 years ('imperial provinces')
Gives up consulship Title 'Augustus' Position Princeps senatus. |
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