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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Basic structure of the upper and lower airway?
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Nose
Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs and alveoli |
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Name the two layers of Pleurae that cover the lungs?
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Visceral Layer (inner)
Parietal Layer (outer) Between the pleura is a potential space called the pleural cavity |
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What happens at the Alveoli?
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Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) are exchanged between the lungs and blood across the alveolar-capillary membrane by the process of diffusion
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What is surfactant and what roll dose it play?
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It is a substance produced by the cells in the lungs which helps keep the air sacs, or alveoli open.
Without it the pressure in the lungs changes and the smaller alveoli collapse. |
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What is tachypnoea?
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very fast breathing
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Mechanics of breathing?
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When you breath in the diaphragm contracts and flattens out, expanding the space in your chest and drawing air into the lungs. The intercostal muscles also help by moving the rib cage in and out.
When the muscles relax at the end of inspiration your lungs simply recoil back into their resting position, pushing the air out as they go. |
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What is Tidal volume?
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500ml
the amount of gas passing into and out of the lungs during each normal respiratory cycle |
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Anatomical dead space volume?
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150ml
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Inspiratory reserve volume?
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3100ml
The maximum volume that can be inhaled above the tidal volume |
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Expiratory reserve volume?
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1200ml
The maximum volume of air that can be voluntarily exhaled |
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Residual volume?
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1200ml
Volume left in the lungs at the end of a normal breath which is not normally part of the subdivisions |
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Vital capacity?
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4800ml
The maximum volume that can be inhaled and exhaled |
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Total lung capacity?
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6000ml
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Define dyspnoea?
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difficulty in breathing
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Basic atmospheric gas levels?
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oxygen 21%
nitrogen 78% CO2 & other gases 1% |
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The essential role of oxygen?
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The production of cellular energy
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Explain External Respiration?
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Exchange of O² and CO² between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries is achieved by passive diffusion
De-oxygenated blood becomes oxygenated |
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Diffusion is a passive transport mechanism, define this process?
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Molecules disperse from an area of higher concentration towards that of a lower concentration
Propelled along a concentration gradient in an attempt to achieve equalisation |
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Oxygen is carried in blood in two ways,
What are they? |
1. In chemical combination with the haemoglobin (98.5%)
2. Dissolved in the plasma (1.5%) |
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Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in three ways,
What are they? |
1. In a molecular bond as bi-carbonate (70%)
2. In chemical combination with the haemoglobin (25%) 3. Dissolved in the plasma (5%) |
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Define Internal Respiration?
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Movement of oxygen from the blood to the tissue cells
Movement of carbon dioxide from tissue cells to the blood Uses the same diffusion mechanism as external respiration |
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Hypoxia
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Deficiency of oxygen in the body
A mismatch between oxygen supply and its demand at the cellular level may result in a hypoxic condition. Hypoxia in which there is complete deprivation of oxygen supply is referred to as anoxia |
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Hypoxemia
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Insufficient oxygenation of arterial blood
An abnormally low amount of oxygen in the blood, the major consequence of respiratory failure, when the lungs no longer are able to perform their chief function of gas exchange |
