All tissues in the body rely on oxygen (O2) that is transported in the blood to meet their metabolic needs. O2 is carried in two ways: dissolved or bound to hemoglobin. About 98% of oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin. And the remaining 2% is carried in the dissolved state. Dissolved oxygen is the only form that diffuses across the cell membranes and produces a partial pressure (PO2) which drives diffusion. The transport of O2 involves the transfer from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries in the lung and hemoglobin binding and transport. Also the dissociation from hemoglobin in the tissue capillaries transports O2.
Through alveoli-to-capillary transfer in the lung, O2 moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries as a dissolved …show more content…
Most people unknowingly breathe in small amounts of organisms that that colonized in their upper airways. These organisms do not normally cause infection because of the small number that is actually inhaled and because the respiratory tract’s defense mechanisms prevent them from entering the air passages further down in the lungs. When loss of cough reflex, damage to the ciliated endothelium that lines the respiratory tract, or impaired immune defenses predispose to colonization and infection occur in the lower respiratory system. Symptoms in the congestive stage, coughing brings up watery sputum and breath sounds are limited, with fine crackles. As the pneumonia progresses, the character of sputum changes. Since there is sputum filling in the alveoli sacks, our defense is to cough that up to clear out the sacs so we can breathe, this is where the cough comes in.
Atypical pneumonia differs from bacterial pneumonia in that the inflammation is largely confined to the alveolar septum and pulmonary interstitium. The inflammation is not located in the air-filled sacs and no exudate is created. This means there is not going to be a cough. The symptoms of atypical pneumonia may remain confined to fever, headache, and muscle aches and pains. A cough, when present, is going to be dry and …show more content…
In either type, episodes of bronchospasm can be triggered by diverse nonimmune mechanisms, including respiratory tract infections, exercise, ingestion of aspirin, emotional upset, and exposure to bronchial irritants such as cigarette smoke. Asthma can also be classified according to the agents that trigger an attack. These include seasonal, exercise-induced, drug-induced, and occupational asthma. The common denominator underlying all forms of asthma is an exaggerated hypersensitivity response to a variety of stimuli. After exposure to an inciting factor, inflammatory mediators released by activated immune cells induce bronchoconstriction, increased vascular permeability, and mucus
Through alveoli-to-capillary transfer in the lung, O2 moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries as a dissolved …show more content…
Most people unknowingly breathe in small amounts of organisms that that colonized in their upper airways. These organisms do not normally cause infection because of the small number that is actually inhaled and because the respiratory tract’s defense mechanisms prevent them from entering the air passages further down in the lungs. When loss of cough reflex, damage to the ciliated endothelium that lines the respiratory tract, or impaired immune defenses predispose to colonization and infection occur in the lower respiratory system. Symptoms in the congestive stage, coughing brings up watery sputum and breath sounds are limited, with fine crackles. As the pneumonia progresses, the character of sputum changes. Since there is sputum filling in the alveoli sacks, our defense is to cough that up to clear out the sacs so we can breathe, this is where the cough comes in.
Atypical pneumonia differs from bacterial pneumonia in that the inflammation is largely confined to the alveolar septum and pulmonary interstitium. The inflammation is not located in the air-filled sacs and no exudate is created. This means there is not going to be a cough. The symptoms of atypical pneumonia may remain confined to fever, headache, and muscle aches and pains. A cough, when present, is going to be dry and …show more content…
In either type, episodes of bronchospasm can be triggered by diverse nonimmune mechanisms, including respiratory tract infections, exercise, ingestion of aspirin, emotional upset, and exposure to bronchial irritants such as cigarette smoke. Asthma can also be classified according to the agents that trigger an attack. These include seasonal, exercise-induced, drug-induced, and occupational asthma. The common denominator underlying all forms of asthma is an exaggerated hypersensitivity response to a variety of stimuli. After exposure to an inciting factor, inflammatory mediators released by activated immune cells induce bronchoconstriction, increased vascular permeability, and mucus