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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Inspiration |
Movement of air from enviornment to alveoli |
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Expiration |
opposite |
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Alveoli |
Air-containing sacs that make up the lungs |
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What is the main function of the respiratory system |
Supply the body tissues with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide |
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What are the four processes that make up respiration? |
1. Pulmonary ventilation 2. External respiration 3. Transport of respiratory gases in the blood 4. Internal respiration |
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External respiration, |
Movement of oxygen from the lungs into blood, carbon dioxide from blood to lungs |
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Internal respiration |
Movement of oxygen from blood into tissue cells. Carbon dioxide from cells into blood. |
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Respiratory zone |
Portion of the respiratory system where gas exchange happens |
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Conducting zone |
Top of the trachea to the respiratory bronchioles |
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what are goblet cells and cilia |
Located in the trachea. Smoking kills the cilia. |
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What is the site of gas exchange |
Alveoli |
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Type I alveolar cells |
The flat epithelial cells that line the air-facing surfaces of the respiratory system |
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Type II alveolar cells |
Produce a detergent-like substance called surfactant |
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Why is the alveolar surface area so large? |
To allow for the rapid exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by diffusion |
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Pleura sac |
Sac that surrounds the lung. Consists of thin sheets of cells called Pleura |
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Plurae |
Form a thin double-layered serosa
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Parietal pleura |
Covers the thoracic wall |
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Visceral pleura |
Covers the external surface of the lung |
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Intrapleural fluid |
Fluid produced by the pleura. Contained in the pleural cavity. Lubricates the lung to prevent friction when breathing |
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Pleurisy |
Infection or inflammation of the pleura. Often results from pneumonia. Causes toughening of the pleura and a buildup up fluid. |
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Steps of respiration |
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Boyles law |
P1V1=P2V2 |
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Respiratory pressure is always relative to _________ |
Atmospheric pressure |
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Palv |
Pressure in the alveoli |
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When the pressure in the alveoli is less than that of the pressure in the atmosphere, air flows into the lung. When the opposite is true, air flows out |
Js |
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Pip us the pressure where? |
In the pleural cavity Pip = Pav lungs collapse, |
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Inspiration (breathing) |
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Expiration |
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Lung compliance |
Greater lung compliance means that it is easier to expand the lungs |
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What two things determine lung compliance |
1. Stretchability of lung tissues 2. Surface tension at the air water interfaces within the alveoli |
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What can reduce surface tension |
Surfactants |
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What is transpulmonary pressure |
Equal to the alveolar pressure minus the Intrapleural pressure. |
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Image |
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What does a decrease in surface tension do? |
Increases lung compliance and makes it easier to expand the lungs |
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Airway resistance |
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Asthma |
Asthma is caused when smooth muscle contracts strongly in the airway, increasing airway resistance. Chronic imflammation of the airways |
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
Emphysemia, bronchitis or both Cause severe difficulty in ventilation and oxygenation of the blood |
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Emphysema |
Caused by destruction and collapse of smaller airways |
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Chronic bronchitis |
Excessive mucus production in bronchi Inflammation in small airways |
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Lung volumes and capacities |
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Dead space |
The amount of air that is taken in and cannot be used for gas exchange |
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Anatomical dead space a |
Amount of air in the conducting zone |
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Alveolar dead space |
The amount of air that enters alveoli that do not receive a sufficient supply of blood |
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Respiratory Quotient (RQ) |
The ratio of CO2 produced to the amount of CO2 consumed |
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How does the lung maximize efficiency? |
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Hemoglobin |
Oxygen is transported in the blood by hemoglobin |
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Hemoglobin cooperativity |
Means when one oxygen molecule binds to hemoglobin, the remaining three will bind much more easily |
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Effect of various things on hemoglobin |
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Transport of CO2 in blood |
10% dissolves in blood as CO2 30% carried by hemoglobin 60% converted to bicarbonate |
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Hyperventilation vs hypoventilation |
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Peripheal vhemoreceptors |
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Result of exercise |
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Protection of the respiratory system |
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Hypoxia |
Inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues |
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Anemic hypoxia |
Poor Oxygen delivery because of too few RBCs or abnormal hemoglobin |
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Ischemic hypoxia |
Blood circulation is impaired |
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Histoxic hypoxia |
Bodies cells are unable to use oxygen (cyanide) |
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Hypoxemic hypoxia |
Reduced arterial oxygen |
