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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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External Respiration |
Exchange of gas in the lungs |
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Internal respiration |
exchange of gas at the cellular level |
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Muscles involved in respiration |
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles |
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Boyle's Law |
Pressure and Volume are inversely proportional |
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Eupnea |
Normal breathing |
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Apnea |
Absence of breathing |
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Dyspnea |
Difficult Breathing |
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Hyperpnea |
increase in rate and depth of breathing |
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Polypnea |
shallow and rapid breathing |
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Tidal volume |
the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath, at rest.
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Inspiratory reserve volume |
It is the volume of the air that can be inspired beyond the normal tidal volume.
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Experitory reserve volume |
the amount of air that can be still expired out by forceful expiration after the end of normal expiration.
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Residual volume |
the volume of the air still remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration.
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Minute Volume |
defined as the total amount of air breathed each minute. It is equal to tidal volume X respiration rate.
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Total lung capacity |
the maximum volume of lung expansion during maximum inspiratory effort
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Vital Capacity |
the greatest volume of air that can be exchanged during a single respiratory cycle
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Anatomical dead space |
Respiratory pathway except alveoli, no gas exchange occurs here |
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What creates the physiological dead space in lungs?
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Panting, creating "dead" alveoli |
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Partial Pressure |
pressure of gas exerted by individual gas in a mixture of gases
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Partial pressure of Oxygen is highest in which organ?
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Lung Alveoli |
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Partial pressure of Oxygen is lowest in which organ?
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Body tissue |
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pressure of gas exerted by individual gas in a mixture of gases
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Body tissues |
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Partial pressure of CO2 is lowest in which part of body?
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Lung Alveoli |
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How gasses are transported in blood |
-dissolved in plasma
-chemically combined with hemoglobin -converted into different molecules |
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How is the oxygen carried in the blood?
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1.5% oxygen is dissolved in blood, while rest 98.5 % of the oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin and is called oxyhemoglobin
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A drop in partial pressure to what level, would significantly affect the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin.
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Below 60 mmHg |
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What is Bohr's effect?
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As at tissue level, pCO2 is highest, it will decrease the pH at tissue level. The pO2 is lowest at tissue level. All these factors decrease the Hb affinity for oxygen, and will help the oxyhemoglobin to release the oxygen at tissue level.
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-List the three ways, the carbon dioxide enter the blood from the tissues.
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1. About 7% carbon dioxide gets dissolved in blood
2. About 23% of carbon dioxide enters in RBCs and combines with hemoglobin to form carbamino-hemoglobin. 3. Rest 70% carbon dioxide also enters the RBCs and combines with water (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). |
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enzyme present in RBCs, that is responsible for hydration of CO2 into carbonic acid.
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carbonic anhydrase
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Name the respiratory centers present in medulla and pons of the brain
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In medulla, there are two centers: 1. Inspiratory Center 2. Expiratory Center.
In pons, there is pneumotaxic center. |
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main function of inspiratory center
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these centers initiates the impulses for inspiration.
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main function of expiratory center
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neurons only fire impulses when extra expiratory effort is needed during forced expiration like defecation and parturition etc.
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What is the function of pneumotaxic center
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to inhibit the inspiratory center and allow passive expiration, once inspiration is completed.
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The Hering-Breuer Reflex
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This limits further inspiration and serves as a protective mechanism for preventing excess lung inflation
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central chemoreceptors located in brain
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Central and peripheral centers |
