Respiration 10/2&10/5

Front 1

What would stimulation of beta-2 adrenergic receptors do to the air flow in trachea and bronchi?

Back 1

open airways, increase air flow

Front 2

Answer either (1) why oxygen in the air we breathe has a partial pressure lower than 760 mm Hg, or (2) why the oxygen in alveoli has a lower partial pressure than the oxygen than the air that we breathe.

Back 2

only about 20 % of the air we breath is oxygen, then, the value is further lowered by the high carbon dioxide and water in the lungs

Front 3

The total lung capacity equals the tidal volume plus (what)? Hint, there should be several components to your answer.

Back 3

inspiratory and expiratory reserves plus residual volume

Front 4

A healthy individual has an injury resulting in pneumothorax. In what direction? and how much (approximately)? does the pressure in the pleural cavity change? (answer both)

Back 4

it goes up a tiny bit about 5 mmHg

Front 5

What specialization in the trachea powers the mucus elevator?

Back 5

cilia

Front 6

Epinephrine would help a person having an asthma attack. What completely different approach could be used, in this case to control inflammation?

Back 6

antileukotriene like Singulaire

Front 7

Name one component that separates air in the alveloi from red blood cells.

Back 7

type I alveolar cell, basal lamina, endothelial cell

Front 8

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the pulmonary vein is 40 mm Hg. What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the systemic arteries?

Back 8

duh! there was no gas exchange between the two

Front 9

"Water's surface tension would tend to collapse (close) alveoli." Answer either (1) How does physiology take care of this problem? or (2) People with what condition have a real problem because of this?

Back 9

surfactant, premature babies

Front 10

"The buffering capacity of blood keeps high carbon dioxide from changing pH much." Then how does physiology improve on this sensitivity in chemoreceptors in the medulla?

Back 10

on that side of the blood brain barrier, the cerebrospinal fluid has no buffers

Front 11

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the pulmonary vein is 40 mm Hg. How would hyperventillation affect this?

Back 11

cut it in half

Front 12

Why do people with emphysema need to breathe more?

Back 12

With fewer alveoli, there is less area for gas exchaqnge

Front 13

In what way is the coating of water in the alveoli different with vs. without surfactant?

Back 13

With-it has lower surface tension than without

Front 14

For cystic fibrosis, (answer one of these) (1) A gene, mutated in cystic fibrosis, codes for what? (2) What are the symptoms? Or (3) How does the parent treat those symptoms on a daily basis?

Back 14

CFTR, a chloride channel

Front 15

What happens to ventilation when pH goes down in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the medulla oblongata at the confluence of integrating inputs from aortic and carotid bodies, the pneumotaxic center and the apneustic center?

Back 15

More acidity implies more carbon dioxide, so you breathe harder

Front 16

Pick one: (1) A drug that specifically affects beta-2 adrenergic receptors (terbutaline), or (2) a drug that blocks leukotriene action (Singulair). What is the specific action that would help in asthma?

Back 16

1 open airways by mimicing adrenalin or the sympathetic nervous system, 2 decrease inflammation

Front 17

The partial pressure for oxygen in the atmosphere is atmospheric pressure times the fraction of the atmosphere that is oxygen. What are the major reasons that the partial pressure for oxygen in the alveoli is much lower?

Back 17

there are higher proportions of water vapor and carbon dioxide

Front 18

You have a subject and a spirometer. What value, a portion of total lung capacity, cannot be obtained?

Back 18

residual volume

Front 19

Give either the approximate number or the value relative to atmospheric pressure of the intraplural during inhalation.

Back 19

book says 754 mm Hg, the point is that it is slightly less than lungs which are slightly less than atmospheric

Front 20

Why does a premature baby have trouble breathing?

Back 20

type 2 alveolar cells mature late and without surfactant, water pressure impedes alveolar opening

Front 21

Where, other than the medulla oblongata, are chemoreceptors located that feed by nerves to the respiratory control centers?

Back 21

aortic and carotid bodies

Front 22

Relative to curve where % oxygen saturation is plotted as a function of partial pressure for oxygen for adult hemoglobin, how would you place the curve for fetal hemoglobin?

Back 22

fetal oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is to the left of the adult

Front 23

Why does chloride come out of red blood cells in the lungs?

Back 23

so bicarbonate can come in for the generation of carbon dioxide to be exhaled

Front 24

If you hyperventillated, what would become of the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid?

Back 24

less CO2, pH goes up

Front 25

What is the biological word for the Adam's apple?

Back 25

larynx

Front 26

Expiratory reserve plus inspiratory reserve plus tidal volume equals what?

Back 26

vital capacity

Front 27

What is the chloride shift?

Back 27

Cl- goes into erythrocyte when HCO3- comes out and vice versa

Front 28

What is the intrapleural pressure? (I want an approximate value.)

Back 28

slightly less than atmospheric

Front 29

What two gasses have much higher partial pressure in alveolar air than in inspired air?

Back 29

H2O, CO2

Front 30

What are the pneumotaxic center and the apneustic center used to control?

Back 30

respiratory rhythm

Front 31

Cystic fibrosis is a channel for what ion?

Back 31

Cl-

Front 32

An asthma spray would contain an agonist for what naturally ocurring neurotransmitter?

Back 32

norepinephrine

Front 33

Where are the brain centers that control breathing?

Back 33

medulla and pons area

Front 34

The abscissa (X-axis) of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is partial pressure of O2 in mm Hg. What is plotted on the ordinate (Y-axis)?

Back 34

% saturation (with O2) of hemoglobin

Front 35

What compound (related to but not the same as prostaglandins) constricts bronchial smooth muscle (blocked by Singulair)?

Back 35

leukotriene

Front 36

One reason that the partial pressure of CO2 is higher in alveoli than in the atmosphere is that cells generate CO2 (as waste). What is the other reason?

Back 36

not all the air in the lungs is exchanged by breathing

Front 37

Partial pressures for CO2 and O2 are almost equal in alveolar air and pulmonary veins. For which gas is there a greater difference between alveolar air and pulmonary arteries?

Back 37

O2

Front 38

Which component of lung volume cannot be measured with a spirometer?

Back 38

residual volume

Front 39

What is the naturally ocurring hormone for beta-2 receptors in bronchi?

Back 39

epinephrine

Front 40

What is the highest level that mercury would rise in a glass tube with a vacuum at the top?

Back 40

760 mm

Front 41

Respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants results from the lack of what molecule?

Back 41

surfactant (phosphatidyl choline)

Front 42

Where do chemoreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies feed to to control breathing?

Back 42

medulla

Front 43

What would alkaline cerebrospinal fluid do to breathing?

Back 43

inhibit it

Front 44

In pneumothorax, what compartment increases its pressure to that of the atmosphere?

Back 44

intrapleural

Front 45

In addition to containing heme, how would you describe the molecular structure of hemoglobin?

Back 45

2 alpha and 2 beta protein chains

Front 46

A figure in your text indicated that one place was responsible for "automatic breathing," while I cautioned you that this was very different from automaticity in the heart. What is this place that generates automatic breathing?

Back 46

Medulla

Front 47

Bicarbonate in plasma helps in CO2 transport. It is made with the help of what enzyme in what cell?

Back 47

carbonic anhydrase in red blood cell

Front 48

What would O2 on mother's hemoglobin do when it gets near fetus hemoglobin in the placenta?

Back 48

offload to fetal

Front 49

When is the pressure in the alveoli slightly higher than atmospheric?

Back 49

expiration

Front 50

The total lung capacity is tidal volume + inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve + what?

Back 50

residual volume

Front 51

What is the significance of the value 760 mm Hg?

Back 51

atmospheric pressure at sea level

Front 52

Why does a mutant chloride (Cl-) channel (CFTR specifically) lead to lung disease?

Back 52

poor ion transport -> poor water transpord -> viscous mucous

Front 53

For the sake of CO2 transport, where is bicarbonate (HCO3-) made and where is it carried?

Back 53

made in RBC, carried in plasma

Front 54

Why is the partial pressure for alveolar H2O much higher than for H2O in inspired air?

Back 54

air is humidified, usually in nasal passageways

Front 55

What common effect (though to different extents) do leukotrienes and the parasympathetic nervous system have on bronchioles?

Back 55

decrease air flow

Front 56

What does emphysema do to the number of alveoli?

Back 56

decrease since adjacent ones merge

Front 57

Why is the partial pressure for CO2 higher in the pulmonary artery than in the alveoli?

Back 57

pulmonary artery carries CO2 offloaded by tissue respiration

Front 58

Although phosphatidylcholine is best known as a membrane phospholipids, it also has a special function in the lungs. What is this function.

Back 58

component of surfactant, decrease surface tension of water

Front 59

You breathe in and out your vital capacity a dozen times in rapid succession. What is this called and why would your urge to breathe be decreased for the next minute?

Back 59

hyperventillation, by blowing off CO2, less H+ in medulla

Front 60

A stab wound to the chest can lead to the collapse of a lung because what compartment would increase its pressure to atmospheric pressure?

Back 60

intrapleural space

Front 61

What is the important nerve connecting the heart and the brain that carries chemoreceptive signals from the aortic bodies?

Back 61

vagus (10th cranial)

Front 62

Why would you want to inhale adrenalin? (Your answer can address pathology, cells or molecules.)

Back 62

asthma, relax smooth muscle, open bronchial airways, activate beta 2 adrenergic receptors

Front 63

Why is the partial pressure of oxygen lower in alveoli lower than in the outside air?

Back 63

because water vapor and carbon dioxide fractions are so much higher

Front 64

A slight increase in pressure (where?) would allow the lung to collapse if there were a stab wound to the chest?

Back 64

intrapleural space

Front 65

Why would asbestos be more likely to stay in the lungs of smokers than of non-smokers?

Back 65

smoking paralyses cilia

Front 66

How does intrapleural pressure relate to alveolar pressure (at rest, breathing in and breathing out)?

Back 66

a little lower in all cases

Front 67

Why would it take more effort than a premature baby could muster to breathe?

Back 67

there is no surfactant to decrease water tension

Front 68

Name one of the two nerves that carry chemosensory input to the brain to control respiration?

Back 68

glossopharyngial (9th) and vagus (10th)

Front 69

Why is it so useful to monitor pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to report the need to breathe?

Back 69

carbon dioxide would make pH go down

Front 70

What does the sympathetic nervous system do in bronchi? (Your answer can either be at the level of the cellular response or of the passageway function.)

Back 70

beta 2 receptors relax smooth muscle open airway

Front 71

What could you do to lower the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in your alveoli?

Back 71

hyperventillate

Front 72

Give a ballpark figure for the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arteries for normal breathing and for hyperventilation.

Back 72

40 mm Hg, less if hyperventillate

Front 73

Why does chloride need to go in and out of red blood cells?

Back 73

to move bicarbonate to plasma where there is room to carry it

Front 74

Why wouldn't you expect inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis to help with inflammation in asthma?

Back 74

Leukotrienes, not prostaglandins

Front 75

Total lung capacity minus expiratory reserve minus inspiratory reserve minus residual volume equals what?

Back 75

Tidal volume

Front 76

What happens to the pressure in what compartment to cause the lung to collapse?

Back 76

Intrapleural becomes equal to atmospheric

Front 77

Other than the medulla (of the brain), where are there chemoreceptors to control ventilation? (or, if you prefer, tell me how they feed to the brain.)

Back 77

aortic and carotid bodies

Front 78

What is the purpose of cilia in the trachea?

Back 78

to sweep gunk captured in mucus up to where it gets swallowed

Front 79

How would epinephrine in an inhaler affect breathing? (Your answer could apply to molecular type of the receptor or to affect on the airway.)

Back 79

beta 2, dilate (open) bronchioles

Front 80

What is it that would make mercury go up 760 mm in a glass tube?

Back 80

atmospheric pressure (not "suction")

Front 81

Give at least 2 reasons oxygen's partial pressure is so much lower in alveoli than in the atmosphere.

Back 81

out of 3: (1) there is so much CO2 in alveoli, (2) there is so much H2O in alveopi, (3) not all air is exchanged each breath

Front 82

The partial pressure for carbon dioxide in the pulmonary artery is 46. What is it in the pulmonary vein?

Back 82

lower, but not that much lower (40)

Front 83

Why would they put premature babies in high oxygen?

Back 83

lack of surfactant makes breathing difficult

Front 84

Relative to carbon dioxide, how much oxygen is carried in the plasma?

Back 84

O2 is way less soluable in water than CO2 (the figure clearly showed 10% for CO2, another figure implied about 1.5 % for O2)

Front 85

"Most bicarbonate is carried in the plasma." But it was made in the erythrocyte. What trickery was used to move it to the plasma?

Back 85

exchange with Cl-

Front 86

"Mucus elevator." Relate to the conventional wisdom about the interaction of asbestos and smoking.

Back 86

smoking paralyses cilia so asbestos gets stuck in lungs worse

Front 87

What would the sympathetic nervous system do to the air passageway opening?

Back 87

open

Front 88

The partial pressure of O2 in the atmosphere is 159 mm Hg. Give a reason it is much lower in the alveoli.

Back 88

lowered b

Hint 88

c water and CO2 are high

Front 89

You are studying the respirometer record of a patient. What is the one volume you cannot ascertain from this record?

Back 89

residual

Front 90

Why might a lung collapse from a piercing stab wound to the chest?

Back 90

intrapleural pressure becomes atmospheric pressure

Front 91

Why does surfactant make breathing easier?

Back 91

decreases surface tensiol

Front 92

What information is carried from the aortic and carotid bodies to the brain to control breathing?

Back 92

acidity

Front 93

How does the ionization of carbonic acid into H+ and HCO3- in the red blood cell greatly increase the amount of carbon dioxide that can be transported?

Back 93

then bicarbonate can be sent to the large volume of the plasma

Front 94

Why would you expect that aspirin and ibuprofen would not help you with inflammation in the trachea and bronchi?

Back 94

caused by leukotrienes not prostaglandins

Front 95

Why would breathing be difficult in a premature infant?

Back 95

surfactant secreting cells are not mature yet

Front 96

What must happen to compensate for bicarbonate moving from the red blood cell to the plasma?

Back 96

chloride must move in

Front 97

Hyperventilation typically halves the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the lungs to a value of about (what?).

Back 97

20 mm Hg