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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Components of a study that guide research
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Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study Research Question Specific Study Objectives or aims Hypothesis for Each Objective |
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Components of research question
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What (factor of interest w/ specific variables)
Who (subjects/units addressed specifically) Does listening to self-selected relaxing music or reading an iPad or magazine affect resting energy expenditure measurement? |
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PICO/PICOM/PICOT
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patient/population
Intervention/independent variable Comparison Outcome Methodology Time |
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components of a Hypothesis
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Measurable
Specifies the population being studied Specifies the type of relationship being examined Defines the variables Identifies a time frame States the level of significance New food service employees who receive 40 hours of orientation over 5 weeks will have higher retention rates than new employees who receive 40 hours of training over one week. |
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Assumptions
limitations vs. delimitations |
A-conditions that are assumed to be true but not actually verified
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Ordinal
Interval Nominal Ratio |
Categorical
O-contrived scales (likert, hedonic) N-names (gender, yes/no, marital status) Continuous I-equal distance between two points but no meaningful zero (Farenheit) R-equal distance between two point with meaningful zero (weight, distance, calories) |
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Data bases- clinical and management
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Clinical: PubMed/Medline; Academic Premier Search
Management: Agricola, Business Source Premier, ERIC, Health Source Acadamia, EBSCO Premier Journals |
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typical contents of research report
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statement of problem
research question, objectives, hyothesis literature review methods (present tense of proposal, paste tense for manuscript) results discussion references appendices if necessary |
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Grant proposal components
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Description of proposed project
Justification of project Review of the literature Proposed budget Qualifications of the Principal Investigator(s) (PI) |
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Precision
Reliability Bias Accuracy Validity Internal V External V Sensitivity Specificity Positive Predictive Value Negative Predictive Value Likelihood Ratio |
P-repeated measurements of instrument/test result in same value in same subject
R-consistent answers every time B-measuring the true value with too much error A-instrument/test gives same value as true value V-tests what supposed to- reliable and free from bias I-if can prove that measure what want to measure in study E-if applies to other populations S-% ppl with disease w/ + result Sp-% ppl w/out with - result PV+ % ppl with + test who actually have disease PV- % ppl with - test who don't have disease LR: probability of a + test result for a person w/ disease divided by probability of a + test for person w/out disease= sensitivity/(1-specificity) |
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Belmont report
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3 basic principles: respect for persons (autonomous agents, or entitled to protection), beneficence (do no harm), Justice (burdens/benefits of research should be justly distributed)
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informed consent includes...
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A brief description of the nature of the study
A description of what is involved—activities and duration A statement indicating that participation is voluntary and can be terminated at any time without penalty A list of potential risks and or discomforts that participants may experience The guarantee that all responses will remain confidential and anonymous The researcher’s name and contact information Contact information other than the researcher if there are concerns or questions about the study An offer to provide detailed information about the study results A signature line—indicating agreement to participate |
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Other ethical report things
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Nuremberg Code- 10 directives:
Voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential The experiment must yield generalizable knowledge that could not be obtained in any other way and is not random and unnecessary in nature Animal experimentation should precede human experimentation All unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury should be avoided No experiment should be conducted if there is reason to believe that death or disabling injury will occur The degree of risk to subjects should never exceed the humanitarian importance of the problem Risks to the subjects should be minimized through proper preparations Experiments should only be conducted by scientifically qualified researchers Subjects should always be at liberty to withdraw from experiments Investigators ready to end the experiment at any stage if there is cause to believe that continuing the experiment is likely to Declaration of Helsinki- IRBS National research Act- Tuskegee Syphilis |
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Components of proposal
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1.Title (clear and succinct description of proposed project)
2.Introduction Introduce the problem State the objectives Hypotheses Define terms 3.Literature Review (written in past tense) Should leave the reader understanding why you need to answer your research question Helps reader become current on topic 4. Methods (written in future tense) a. describe study design b. describe sample c. describe procedures to gather data d. describe statistics to analyze the data 5. References 6. Appendices |
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purpose of proposal
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Get permission to do the study (IRB)
Force you to think through details Convince others it’s a good idea Obtain funding In grad studies, proposal is called a prospectus Contract of what is expected of the student to fulfill graduation requirements |
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Basic vs. Applied
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Basic – developing Teflon in a lab, discovering the interaction between selenium and prostate cancer
applied research – how do we use Teflon?; how do we administer selenium in the diet to garner effects |
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Descriptive vs. mechanistic
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Descriptive: describes state of nature as specific point in time (epidemiological/association)
M: causation studies- test hypothesis through experimental designs |
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hierarchy of study quality in evaluating chronic disease
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Randomized trials of disease outcomes, prospective cohorts of disease outcomes
Randomized trials of physiologic measures Retrospective case-control studies of disease outcomes Ecologic studies, prevalence studies, animal studies Case series/case reports (lowest) |
