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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Repeated Measures |
Uses one group and they repeat the experiment for every condition. |
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Independent Measures |
You use a separate group for each condition. |
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Matched Pairs |
Separate groups for each condition, but people from both groups need to be matched. |
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Experiment |
An experiment is an investigation in which the independent variable is manipulated (or changed) in order to cause a change in the dependent variable. |
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Laboratory Experiment |
An experiment conducted in a special environment where variables can be carefully controlled. Strengths: Variables are controlled. Weaknesses: Not natural so participants may act in a way that they wouldn't usually (lacks mundane realism). |
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Field Experiment |
An experiment conducted in a more natural environment (the field is anywhere outside a laboratory). The Independent Variable(IV) is still deliberately manipulated by the researcher. Strengths: Greater mundane realism. Weaknesses: Lack of control over Extraneous Variables(EV). |
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Natural Experiment |
Conducted in a natural environment, the experimenter cannot manipulate the independent variable directly, but where it varies naturally and the effect can be observed on a dependent variable. Strengths: Allows for research where the IV can't be manipulated for ethical or practical reasons. Weaknesses: Cannot demonstrate causal relationships & can only be used in situations where conditions vary naturally. |
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Quasi Experiment |
Studies that are "almost" experiments but lack one or more features of a true experiment, such as full experimenter control over the IV and random allocation of participants to conditions. |
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Case Study |
Involves a detailed study of a single individual, institution or event. Strengths: Provide a rich record of human experience. Can be used to investigate events that are rare. Weaknesses: Hard to generalize. Ethical issues. |
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Questionnaires |
A set of questions designed to collect information about a topic or topics. Strengths: You can collect the same information from a large number of people relatively easily. You can access what people think. Easily Repeated. Weaknesses: Demand Characteristics, Social Desirability Bias |
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Interviews |
Questions are asked in order to collect information. Strengths: Collects qualitative data. Weaknesses: Experimenter Bias, Demand Characteristics, Social Desirability Bias. |
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Naturalistic Observation |
Carried out in a naturalistic setting, in which the investigator does not interfere in any way but merely observes the behavior(s) in question, though this likely to include the use of structured observations. High Ecological Validity |
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Demand Characteristics/Investigator Effects |
A demand characteristic is a subtle cue that makes participants aware of what the experimenter expects to find or how participants are expected to behave. Demand characteristics can change the outcome of an experiment because participants will often alter their behavior to conform to the experimenters expectations. |
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Order Effects |
The effects that the order of presenting the treatments have on the dependent variable. Includes practice effect (improvement in performance due to repeated practice with a task) and fatigue effect (decline in performance as the research participant becomes tired or bored while performing a sequence of tasks) |
