Research Final Exam

Front 1

The Braden Scale is an example of what type of measurement?

Back 1

Ordinal.

Front 2

Identify the independent and dependent variables in the following hypothesis:

Aggressive incentive spirometry leads to earlier hospital discharge.

Back 2

Independent variable: Use of incentive spirometry.

Dependent variable: Length of stay/ Time of discharge.

Front 3

True or false. This question is an example of a nominal measurement.

Back 3

True.

Nominal measurement is used to classify variables or events into categories. The use of (true/false) and (yes/no) questions is known as 'dichotomous' data analysis.

Front 4

Temperature is an example of what type of measurement?

Back 4

Interval.

Front 5

You are documenting the following vital signs for a patient: Height, weight, pulse, BP. These are examples of what type of measurement?

Back 5

Ratio.

Front 6

With interval and ratio data, you will use (parametric/nonparametric) statistics.

Back 6

Parametric.

Front 7

With nominal and ordinal data, you will use (parametric/nonparametric) statistics.

Back 7

Nonparametric.

Front 8

Use these statements to answer the following questions:

I) Since beginning nursing school, my stress level has increased. (Yes/No)
II) Nursing school stresses me out. (Yes/No)

1. These options are an example of what type of measurement?

2. These options demonstrate the use of what research characteristic?
A) Validity: Convergent
B) Validity: Divergent
C) Reliability: Test-Retest
D) Reliability: Parallel/Alternate form.

Back 8

1. Nominal (Categorical)

2. D) Reliability: Parallel/Alternate form.

Front 9

The most commonly used test of internal consistency is ___?

Back 9

Cronbach's alpha.

Front 10

Mean is an example of what type of measurement (select all that apply)?

A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio

Back 10

D) Interval
E) Ratio

Front 11

Median is an example of what type of measurement (select all that apply)?

A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio

Back 11

A through C.

Front 12

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is a test used in what kind of measurement?

A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio

Back 12

C) Interval.

Will also accept Interval, Ratio.

(See page 319, 324.)

Front 13

This is the most frequently used measure of variability.

Back 13

Standard deviation.

Front 14

(Parametric/Nonparametric) statistics are not based on estimation, so they involve less restrictive assumptions about the underlying distribution.

Back 14

Nonparametric.

Front 15

Chi-square is an example of a (parametric/nonparametric) statistic.

Back 15

Nonparametric.

Front 16

True/False. While reducing the level of significance (alpha level) limits the risk of a Type II error, it increases the risk of making a Type I error.

Back 16

False. Reducing the risk of a Type I error by reducing the level of significance increases the risk of making a Type II error.

Logic: The more you increase the level of significance, the more you are willing to submit that the effect generated by the experiment manifested purely by chance. Therefore, you are more willing to accept the null hypothesis when it may not be true. In effect, as level of significance increases, risk for making a Type II error increases.

Front 17

You are more likely to use (parametric/nonparametric) statistics with large groups of data.

Back 17

Parametric.

Front 18

As level of significance increases, risk for making a (Type I/Type II) error increases.

Back 18

Type II.

Front 19

"Men are better at math than women."

If the truth is that men are, in fact, no better at math than women, you are making what kind of error? (Type I/Type II)

Back 19

Type I.

Front 20

"Dog lovers are friendlier than cat lovers."

If the truth is that dog lovers are, in fact, as friendly as cat lovers, you are making what kind of error? (Type I/Type II)

Back 20

Type II

Front 21

"There is a relationship between persistent pain and functional disability among older adults."

1. This is what kind of hypothesis?

2. Identify the independent/dependent variable(s).

Back 21

1. Research: Non-directional.

2. Independent: Presence of pain.
Dependent: Level of function/disability.

Front 22

What are the three basic principles of ethics?

Back 22

Respect for persons (self-determination/autonomy)
Beneficence (do no harm)
Justice (fair treatment)

Front 23

A potential harm that a reasonable person, in what the investigator knows or should know to be in the subject’s position, would be likely to consider injurious.

Back 23

Risk

Front 24

An adverse reaction to a drug is an example of what kind of risk?

Back 24

Physical.

Front 25

Loss of employment is an example of what kind of risk?

Back 25

Economic

Front 26

An alcoholic decides to be truthful about his habits on a survey. There is a possibility the contents of that survey may reach a third party and stigmatize the study participant. This is an example of what kind of risk?

Back 26

Social

Front 27

A researcher is testing the effects of meditative regression on child abuse victims. This study carries with it what kind of risk?

Back 27

Psychological

Front 28

(Therapy/Research) refers to interventions designed solely to enhance the well-being of the patient.

(Therapy/Research) is an activity designed to test a hypothesis, permit conclusions to be drawn and thereby contribute to knowledge.

Back 28

Therapy; Research

Front 29

The study of research questions about human experiences is called ___.

Back 29

Qualitative Research

Front 30

Ideally, a qualitative study may conclude when:

A) A select number of participants have been interviewed.
B) A panel of experts have confirmed the study is valid.
C) The researcher has reached data saturation.
D) The research sample equals an equivalent percentage of the population tested.

Back 30

C) The research has reached DATA SATURATION.

(When you begin receiving the same replies from any number of subjects.)

Front 31

True/False. There are no independent or dependent variables in qualitative study.

Back 31

True.

Front 32

A research approach designed to produce cultural theory.

Ex: What are the issues of legitimacy that emerge in the experience of work-related back injury?

Back 32

Ethnography

Front 33

Theory that is constructed inductively from a base of observations of the world as it is lived by a selected group of people. A research approach that uses a systematic set of procedures to arrive at theory about basic social processes.

Ex: How do family caregivers experience their role in home settings?

Back 33

Grounded Theory

Front 34

A research approach that aims to describe experience as it is lived through. A research method aimed at obtaining a description of an experience as it is lived in order to understand the meaning of that experience for those who have it.

Ex: What is the meaning of aging for elders living in a community in Valencia, Spain?

Back 34

Phenomenology

Front 35

The systematic compilation of data and the critical presentation, evaluation, and interpretation of facts regarding people, events, and occurrences of the past.

Ex: How did nurses actively influence the development of ICUs through observation and triage, as well as seeking out necessary knowledge?

Back 35

Historical Method

Front 36

In utilizing the historical research method of qualitative research, ___ judges the authenticity of the data source. (Ex: In determining whether Florence Nightingale really wrote some letters that are on display at a museum.)

___ concerns the reliability of information within the document (Ex: Evaluating those letters and weighing their contents against the social context at the time.)

Back 36

External criticism; Internal criticism

Front 37

Peter Tripp was a Top-40 countdown radio personality from the mid-1950s, whose career peaked with his 1959 record breaking 201 hour wakeathon (when he stayed awake for 201 consecutive hours while live on the radio.) Peter Tripp is an example of:

A) A case study
B) Extreme sampling
C) Grounded theory method
D) All of the above
E) A and B only

Back 37

E) A and B only

Front 38

Observed measurement equals:

Back 38

True + Error

(Xo = Xt + Xe; Slide 6, Reliability and Validity PPT.)

Front 39

Degree of consistency with which an instrument measures an attribute (concept).

Back 39

Reliability

Front 40

The reliability coefficient should be at LEAST ___.

Back 40

.70

Front 41

Nursing students are administered a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester. They are administered that same questionnaire at the end of the semester. This is an example of ___ reliability.

Back 41

Test-Retest (Stability)

Front 42

Internal consistency is also known as ____, and describes the means with which items within a scale reflect or measure the same concept.

Back 42

Homogeneity

Front 43

Item-total, split-half, KR-20, and Cronbach's alpha are all tests that measure ____ (a kind of reliability).

Back 43

Homogeneity

Front 44

The Likert scale is associated with what method of testing?

A) Item total
B) Split half
C) KR-20
D) Cronbach's alpha

Back 44

D) Cronbach's alpha

Front 45

Degree to which different instruments yield the same result.

Back 45

Equivalence (reliability)

Front 46

The extent to which an instrument measures the attributes of a concept accurately.

Back 46

Validity

Front 47

Expert panels deal with what kind of validity?

Back 47

Content validity

Front 48

___ validity tests a new instrument against an established instrument. For instance: I wish to create a new scale for measuring pressure sores, so I test the new questionnaire against the Braden scale.

Back 48

Concurrent (criterion-related) validity

Front 49

This is the highest level of validity.

A) Criterion-related
B) Construct
C) Content
D) Concept

Back 49

B) Construct Validity

Note: Construct validity uses empirical testing to test the existence of a hypothesized relationship.

Front 50

True/False. In nonexperimental design, there is manipulation of variables.

Back 50

False

Front 51

Threats to internal validity (increase/decrease) in nonexperimental design.

Back 51

Increase

Front 52

A researcher is examining the relationship between breast-feeding and childhood obesity. Routine data were collected on the height and weight of children participating in the obligatory health examination at the time of school entry in Boston.

1) This is an example of a ___ study.
A) Cohort
B) Prospective
C) Longitudinal
D) Cross-sectional

2) The dependent variable in this situation is:
A) Height of children
B) Weight of children
C) Childhood nutrition
D) Type of feeding

3) This study is an example of ___ evidence.
A) Level I
B. Level II
C. Level III
D. Level IV

Back 52

1) D. Cross sectional.

2) B. Weight of children

3) D. Level IV (Non-experimental)

Front 53

Nonexperimental design is divided into correlational and developmental studies. Which of these investigates the relationship between two or more variables?

Back 53

Correlational

Front 54

___ is the development and evaluation of data-collection instruments, scales, or techniques.

Back 54

Methodological research

Front 55

Meta-analysis or systematic review is ___ evidence.

A) Level I
B) Level II
C) Level III
D) Level IV

Back 55

A) Level I

Front 56

A secondary analysis deals with a (research/PICO) question.

An integrative review deals with a (research/PICO) question.

Back 56

Research; PICO

Front 57

As coffee intake increases, test average increases.

This is an example of what kind of hypothesis?

Back 57

Directional, research.

Front 58

Name the five steps in evidence-based practice.

Back 58

Ask
Gather
Assess
Act
Evaluate

Front 59

Which of these is conceptual and which is operational?

A) Amount of pain a patient experiences postoperatively.
B) Number of times a patient doses himself with a PCA.

Back 59

A. Conceptual
B. Operational

Front 60

Which data collection method is most useful when studying children?

Back 60

Observation

Front 61

"I believe abortion should be legalized" is a(n) (overt/covert) statement.

Back 61

Overt.

Example of a covert statement: Abortion should be legalized.

Front 62

An RCT is an example of a (quantitative/qualitative) research study.

Back 62

Quantitative

Front 63

A demographic anomaly or age are considered ___ variables.

Back 63

Antecedent

Front 64

"Sameness" in data collection is also known as ___.

Back 64

Intervention fidelity

Front 65

Asks, "Is it the independent variable or something else that resulted in the change in the dependent variable?"

Back 65

Internal validity

Front 66

A researcher is studying the effect of lap band surgery on obese patients. He hypothesizes that bariatric surgery will contribute to postoperative weight loss among these patients in the months following the procedure. When 19 out of 100 patients were reevaluated at the six-month mark, however, it was discovered that they had gained weight since their evaluation at the one-month mark, having learned to "eat around" the lap band by consuming high-calorie, low-volume food. This is an example of what threat to internal validity?

A) Maturation
B) Testing
C) History
D) Mortality
E) Instrumentation
F) Selection

Back 66

A) Maturation

Front 67

A nurse wishes to test the effect of egg-crate mattresses on the prevention of pressure sores. She hypothesizes that installing egg-crate mattresses on patient beds will decrease the incidence of pressure sores on patients in the hospital wing. To test her hypothesis, she monitors fifteen patients from the ninth floor at MD Anderson over the course of three months. Which of the following is a possible threat to internal validity?

A) Maturation
B) Selection
C) Mortality
D) Reactive effects

Back 67

B) Selection

Front 68

___ questions under what conditions a study can be generalized.

Back 68

External validity

Front 69

The Hawthorne effect is an example of what threat to external validity?

A) Reactivity
B) Selection
C) Measurement

Back 69

A) Reactivity

Front 70

A researcher is conducting a study aimed to assess the effects of contact isolation application on anxiety and depression levels of patients, and the thoughts of the isolated patients about contact isolation. This study was carried out with 60 isolated and 57 non-isolated patients with hospital infection, and it was found that of the patients, 86.4% of them told that they were happy to be in the isolation room.

1. This is an example of a:
A) Experimental study
B) Quasi-experimental study
C) Methodological study
D) Meta-analysis

2. This study contains ___ evidence.
A) Level I
B) Level II
C) Level III
D) Level IV

Back 70

1) B. Quasi-experimental study

2) C. Level III

Front 71

Name the three characteristics of a true experimental study.

Back 71

Manipulation
Control
Randomization

Front 72

Name the three types of RCTs.

Back 72

True

After-Only

Solomon Four Group

Front 73

Name the three types of quasi-experimental designs.

Back 73

Non-equivalent group

After-only

Time series

Front 74

There are three types of nonprobability strategies of sampling. Name them.

Back 74

Convenience

Quota

Purposive

Front 75

Which of the following sampling strategies limits generalizability?

A) Convenience
B) Quota
C) Purposive

Back 75

C) Purposive

Front 76

There are three types of probability strategies of sampling. Name them.

Back 76

Simple random

Stratified random

Cluster

Front 77

In researching the incidence of depression in cancer patients, I acquire a random sample of 80 cancer patients and divide the sample into men and women. This is an example of what kind of sampling?

Back 77

Stratified random