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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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reflect one of two philosophies about how the world is understood
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designs
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approach assumes that there is an objective truth that can be revealed by investigators who are independent from their subjects
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quantitative research
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approach assumes that truth is subjective and relative to each individual
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qualitative
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those in which the researchers purposefully manipulate some of the subjects and then measure their resulting behavior
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experimental design
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this also involves purposeful manipulation of the subject by the investigators, but lack either a second group for comparison purposes or a random process, or both
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quasi-experimental design
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this is when the investigators are simply observers who collect information about the phenomenon of interest; there is no purposeful manipulation of subjects in order to produce a change in behavior or status
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non-experimental designs
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non-experimental designs are also known as ___
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observation studies
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a study in which repeated measures of an outcome are compared for a single group of subjects
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within subjects design
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a design in which outcomes are compared between two or more groups of subjects
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between-subject design
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design that has the maximal control imposed upon the behavior of the participants
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experimental
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collects data at a single point in time or a limited time interval
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cross-sectional data
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collects data over an extended period of time
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longitudinal study
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research design that uses historical information
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retrospective design
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research design that collects data in real time
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prospective
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provides data about the population or universe being studied.
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descriptive research or statistical research
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it can only describe the "who, what, when, where and how" of a situation, not what caused it
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descriptive or statistical research
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use three general ways to gather data: observation, interview or survey
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observational design
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this is the study of disease frequency and distribution in the community
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epidemiological research
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the science concerned with examining and determining the specific causes of health problems and interrelationships of factors
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epidemiological research
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study of disease frequency and distribution in the community
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epidemiological research
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used to study incidence, causes and prognosis.
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cohort studies
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because they measure events in chronological order, they can be used to distinguish between cause and effect
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cohort study
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research on risk factors relies heavily on this type of research design
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cohort studies
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defined as a group of people who already have the disease
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cohort
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types of cohort studies
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1. propective
2. retrospective |
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a group of people is chosen who do not have the outcome of interest. the investigator then measures a variety of variables that might be relevant to the development of the condition. over a period of time the people in the same are observed to see whether they develop the outcome of interest
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prospective cohort study
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these use data already collected for other purposes.
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retrospective cohort studies
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the methodology is the same but the study is performed posthoc.
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retrospective cohort studies
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the study period may be many years but the time to complete the study is only as long as it takes to collate and analyze the data
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retrospective cohort studies
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most definitive long-term epidemiological studies to date on older women's health
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nurses health study
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a group of individuals with a similar condition is compared with a group that doe snot have the condition to determine factors that may played a role in the condition
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case controlled study
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this study compare groups retrospectively
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case controlled studies
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example of a case controlled study
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Tobacco smoking and lung cancer by Sir Richard Doll
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___ percent of lung cancer is caused by smoking
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87 percent
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proponents of Nurses Health Study
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Dr. Frank Speizer 1976
Dr. Walter Willett 1989 |
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it is the method of doing historical research for gathering and analyzing historical evidence
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historical research
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types of historical evidence
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1. primary sources
2. secondary sources 3. running records 4. recollections |
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historians rely mostly on ____ sources which are also called ____ because they are kept in museums, archives, libraries, or private collections
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primary, archival data
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cardiovascular study that is an example of longitudinal study
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framingham heart study
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