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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Longitudinal studies
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measure and compare subjects, over a period of time, either prospectively or retrospectively.
Gain probabilistic knowledge about the relationships among variables. CANNOT establish cause/effect |
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Case Study/case series
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in depth review of a single, or series of "interesting" cases.
Very weak scientifically, can use to generate hypothesis. CANNOT use to prove theory |
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Case-control
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Start with disease and look for exposures.
Cases, and controls compared for contributing risk factors. Retrospective, no intervention. |
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Strengths of case control study
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quick,easy
good for Rare diseases can examine multiple variables |
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Weaknesses of case control study
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Recall bias
confounders in participant selection vulnerable to most other biases |
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Cohort study
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starts with exposure and looks for development of disease
observational/no intervention prospective usually |
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Strengths of Cohort study
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ethically safe
can establish timing relationship provides direct measurement of incidence |
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Weaknesses of Cohort study
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long follow up
blinding is difficult rely on stats to adjust for potential confounders |
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Cross sectional study
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similar to longitudinal, except focuses on a population at a single point in time.
Often surveys **Response rate is important, must be 20% to be considered a good response. |
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"Best" experimental design
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Prospective Double Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial (w/ a representative, properly screened sample)
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Experimental study design
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Advantages: establishes causality
Disadvantages: long time, large # participants needed, EXPENSIVE |
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Phase I of clinical investigations
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investigation to discover whether treatment is SAFE or not, gain info to design future studies.
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Phase II clinical investigation
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investigation of treatments EFFECTIVENESS.
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Phase III clinical investigation
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Large scale verification of "proof" required for government approval.
(RCT of > 10,000 people) |
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Phase IV clinical investigation
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legalized treatment is MONITORED to detect side effects, long term toxicity, population based issues, and "Off label" uses.
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The "Gold standard" of experimental designs
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Solomon Four group design
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