Research Design, Statistics

Front 1

Research can be categorized as _______ or quantitative, and quantitative research is further categorized as non experimental or experimental.

Back 1

qualitative

Front 2

Non experimental research is conducted to collect data on variables, while experimental research is conducted to test _____ about the relationships between variables.

Back 2

hypotheses

Front 3

Variables are behaviors or other characteristics that ____ from person to person or situation to situation.

Back 3

vary

Front 4

A person's status on the ____ variable is assumed to affect his/her status on the dependent variable.

Back 4

independent

Front 5

A person's status on the independent variable is assumed to affect his/her status on the ____ variable.

Back 5

dependent

Front 6

If a psychologist conducts a study to test the hypothesis that children who watch violent films are more aggressive than children who watch nonviolent film, the study's independent variable is the ____.

Back 6

type of film (violent vs. nonviolent)

Front 7

If a psychologist conducts a study to test the hypothesis that children who watch violent films are more aggressive than children who watch nonviolent film, the study's independent variable is the type of film (violent vs. nonviolent) and its dependent variable is ____.

Back 7

aggressiveness

Front 8

To assess the effects of an independent variable on a dependent variable, the independent variable must have at least two ____.

Back 8

levels

Front 9

A mediator variable ____ the relationship between independent and dependent variables, while a moderator variable affects the strength of the relationship between independent and dependent variables.

Back 9

explains or accounts for

Front 10

A mediator variable explains or accounts for the relationship between independent and dependent variables, while a moderator variable______the relationship between independent and dependent variables.

Back 10

affects the strength of

Front 11

_____ analysis involves recording a subject's verbalizations when she has been instructed to "think aloud" while solving a complex cognitive problem.

Back 11

Protocol

Front 12

____ recording is particularly useful when the target behavior has no clear beginning or end, while event sampling is a useful technique when the behavior occurs infrequently or leaves a permanent record.

Back 12

Interval

Front 13

Interval recording is particularly useful when the target behavior has no clear beginning or end, while ____ sampling is a useful technique when the behavior occurs infrequently or leaves a permanent record.

Back 13

event

Front 14

The primary feature that distinguishes true experimental research from quasi-experimental research is that, in the former, the experimenter can ___ subjects to different treatment groups.

Back 14

randomly assign

Front 15

This allows the experimenter to be more certain that subjects in different groups are initial similar and, consequently, that any observed differences between them on the ___ variables are caused by the independent variables.

Back 15

dependent

Front 16

This allows the experimenter to be more certain that subjects in different groups are initial similar and, consequently, that any observed differences between them on the dependent variables are caused by the _____ variables.

Back 16

independent

Front 17

Researchers do not ordinarily have access to the entire population of interest and must draw a ___ from that population.

Back 17

sample

Front 18

So that any observed relationship between variables in the sample can be generalized to the ____, the people in the sample must be as representative as the population as possible in terms of relevant characteristics, such as age, gender, and severity of symptoms.

Back 18

population

Front 19

So that any observed relationship between variables in the sample can be generalized to the population, the people in the sample must be as _____ as the population as possible in terms of relevant characteristics, such as age, gender, and severity of symptoms.

Back 19

representative

Front 20

The simplest way to achieve this goal is to draw an ____ sample, in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for inclusion in the sample.

Back 20

simple random

Front 21

In contrast to other sampling techniques, ___ sampling involves selecting units (groups) of individuals rather than individuals from the population.

Back 21

cluster

Front 22

When conducting an experimental research study, an investigator wants a design that will maximize variability in the dependent variable that is due to the ____, control variability due to extraneous variables (systematic error), and minimize variability due to the random error.

Back 22

independent variable

Front 23

When conducting an experimental research study, an investigator wants a design that will maximize variability in the dependent variable that is due to the independent variable, control variability due to _______, and minimize variability due to the random error.

Back 23

extraneous variables (systematic error)

Front 24

When conducting an experimental research study, an investigator wants a design that will maximize variability in the dependent variable that is due to the independent variable, control variability due to extraneous variables (systematic error), and minimize variability due to _____.

Back 24

random error

Front 25

Experimental variability, or variability in the dependent variable that is due to the ____ variable, is maximized when groups are made as different as possible with respect to that variable, while variability due to random error is minimized by ensuring that random fluctuations in subjects, conditions, and measuring instruments are eliminated or equalized among all treatment groups.

Back 25

independent

Front 26

Experimental variability, or variability in the dependent variable that is due to the independent variable, is maximized when groups are made as different as possible with respect to that variable, while variability due to ___error is minimized by ensuring that random fluctuations in subjects, conditions, and measuring instruments are eliminated or equalized among all treatment groups.

Back 26

random

Front 27

A number of techniques are used to control the effects of extraneous variables, which are irrelevant to the research hypothesis but correlate with the ___ variable.

Back 27

dependent

Front 28

The random ___ of subjects to different levels of the independent variable is considered the most powerful method of control because it helps ensure that groups are initially equivalent with regard to all known and unknown extraneous variables.

Back 28

assignment

Front 29

The random assignment of subjects to different levels of the independent variable is considered the most powerful method of control because it helps ensure that groups are initially ___ with regard to all known and unknown extraneous variables.

Back 29

equivalent

Front 30

Matching is useful for controlling an extraneous variable when the number of subjects is too ___ to guarantee that random assignment will equalize the groups in terms of an extraneous variable.

Back 30

small

Front 31

When using blocking, subjects are not individually matched but are __ in terms of their status on the extraneous variable, and subjects within each block (group) are randomly assigned to one of the treatment groups.

Back 31

blocked (grouped)

Front 32

When using blocking, subjects are not individually matched but are blocked (grouped) in terms of their status on the extraneous variable, and subjects within each ___ are randomly assigned to one of the treatment groups.

Back 32

block (group)

Front 33

The ANCOVA or other statistical technique can be used to statistically ___ the effects on an extraneous variable on the DV.

Back 33

remove

Front 34

When a study has an adequate internal validity, the investigator can conclude that observed variations in the ___ variables were caused by variations in the independent variable rather than by other factors.

Back 34

dependent

Front 35

When a study has an adequate internal validity, the investigator can conclude that observed variations in the dependent variables were caused by variations in the ___ variable rather than by other factors.

Back 35

independent

Front 36

___ refers to an external event that is irrelevant to the research hypothesis but that occurs during the course of a study and affect subjects' status on the dependent variable.

Back 36

History

Front 37

History refers to an external event that is irrelevant to the research hypothesis but that occurs during the course of a study and affect subjects' status on the ____ variable.

Back 37

dependent

Front 38

____ refers to changes that occur within subjects during the course of a study as the result of the passage of time and that have a systematic effect on the DV.

Back 38

Maturation

Front 39

Statistical ___ is the tendency for very high and very low scores to move toward the mean on retesting.

Back 39

regression

Front 40

It threatens a study's internal validity whenever subjects are selected to participate in the study because of their extreme scores on the ____ variable measure.

Back 40

Dependent

Front 41

____ is a problem when subjects in different treatment groups are not similar in terms of important characteristics at the beginning of the study.

Back 41

Selection

Front 42

____ limits a study's internal validity when subjects who drop out of one group differ in an important way from those who drop out of another group.

Back 42

Attrition

Front 43

___ can interact with history and threaten a study's internal validity if one group of subjects is exposed to an external condition that does not affect subjects in other groups.

Back 43

Selection

Front 44

External validity refers to the ___ of research results to other people, settings, and conditions.

Back 44

generalizability

Front 45

___ is a threat to external validity when administration of a pretest affects how subjects react to the treatment.

Back 45

Pretest sensitization

Front 46

The effects of pretesting on both internal and external validity can be evaluated by using the ___ four-group design.

Back 46

Solomon

Front 47

Another potential threat is an interaction between ___ and treatment, which occurs when people in the sample differ from the people in the population in terms of some characteristic that makes them respond differently to the independent variable.

Back 47

selection

Front 48

Another potential threat is an interaction between selection and treatment, which occurs when people in the sample differ from the people in the ___ in terms of some characteristic that makes them respond differently to the independent variable.

Back 48

population

Front 49

___ is another potential threat to external validity and occurs when research participants act differently because they know their behavior is being observed.

Back 49

reactivity

Front 50

A subject's behavior might be altered by ___, which are cues in the research setting that communicate to subjects what behaviors are expected of them.

Back 50

demand characteristics

Front 51

Multiple treatment ___ threatens a study's external validity when more than one level of the IV is administered to each subject.

Back 51

interference

Front 52

Multiple treatment interference threatens a study's external validity when more than one ___ of the IV is administered to each subject.

Back 52

level

Front 53

This threat can be controlled by using a Latin square design or other type of ___ design.

Back 53

counterbalanced

Front 54

When using a ___ groups research design, the effects of an independent variable are assessed by administering each level of the independent variable to a different group of subjects and comparing the performance or status of the groups on the dependent variable.

Back 54

between-

Front 55

When using a between-groups research design, the effects of an independent variable are assessed by administering each level of the independent variable to a different ___of subjects and comparing the performance or status of the groups on the dependent variable.

Back 55

group

Front 56

When using a between-groups research design, the effects of an independent variable are assessed by administering each level of the independent variable to a different group of subjects and comparing the performance or status of the groups on the ___ variable.

Back 56

dependent

Front 57

In contrast, when using a ___ subjects (repeated measures) design, the effects of an independent variable are assessed by comparing the performance or status of the same group of subjects on the dependent variable after receiving, at different times, each level of the independent variable.

Back 57

within-

Front 58

In contrast, when using a within-subjects (repeated measures) design, the effects of an independent variable are assessed by comparing the performance or status of the same group of subjects on the ___ variable after receiving, at different times, each level of the independent variable.

Back 58

dependent

Front 59

In the single-group __ design, the dependent variable is measured several times before and after the independent variable is applied.

Back 59

time-series

Front 60

A research design that includes two or more independent variables is called a __ design.

Back 60

factorial

Front 61

A(n)___ effect is the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable, while a(n) interaction is the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable at different levels of another independent variable.

Back 61

main

Front 62

A main effect is the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable, while a(n) ____ is the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable at different levels of another independent variable.

Back 62

interaction

Front 63

A main effect is the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable, while a(n) interaction is the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable at different ___ of another independent variable.

Back 63

levels

Front 64

Two distinguishing characteristics of the single-subject designs are that they include at least two phases- (1) a ___ (no treatment) phase and a (2) treatment phase- and that they involve measuring the dependent variable at regular intervals during each phase of the study.

Back 64

baseline

Front 65

Two distinguishing characteristics of the single-subject designs are that they include at least two phases- (1) a baseline (no treatment) phase and a (2) ___ phase- and that they involve measuring the dependent variable at regular intervals during each phase of the study.

Back 65

treatment

Front 66

Two distinguishing characteristics of the single-subject designs are that they include at least two phases- (1) a baseline (no treatment) phase and a (2) treatment phase- and that they involve measuring the ____ variable at regular intervals during each phase of the study.

Back 66

dependent

Front 67

The AB design includes one ____ (A) phase and one treatment (B) phase.

Back 67

baseline

Front 68

The AB design includes one baseline (A) phase and one ____(B) phase.

Back 68

treatment

Front 69

The reversal designs extend the AB design by including, at a minimum, two ___ phases and one treatment phase.

Back 69

baseline

Front 70

The reversal designs extend the AB design by including, at a minimum, two baseline phases and one___ phase.

Back 70

treatment

Front 71

When using a reversal design, if the subject's performance on the ___ variable follows the predicted pattern (i.e. if it changes in the expected direction after the treatment is applied and withdrawn), a researcher can conclude that changes in the dependent variable are due to the effects of the independent variable rather than to history, maturation, or other factors.

Back 71

dependent

Front 72

When using a reversal design, if the subject's performance on the dependent variable follows the predicted pattern (i.e. if it changes in the expected direction after the treatment is applied and withdrawn), a researcher can conclude that changes in the ___ variable are due to the effects of the independent variable rather than to history, maturation, or other factors.

Back 72

dependent

Front 73

When using a reversal design, if the subject's performance on the dependent variable follows the predicted pattern (i.e. if it changes in the expected direction after the treatment is applied and withdrawn), a researcher can conclude that changes in the dependent variable are due to the effects of the ____variable rather than to history, maturation, or other factors.

Back 73

independent

Front 74

When it is not ethical or practical to withdraw an effective treatment during the course of a study, an investigator can use the multiple ___ design.

Back 74

baseline

Front 75

A multiple baseline design involves sequentially applying the ___ variable to two or more "baselines"- i.e. either to two or more behaviors, settings, tasks, or subjects.

Back 75

independent

Front 76

An advantage of the multiple baseline design is that, once the IV is applied to a baseline, it is not ___ during the study.

Back 76

withdrawn (removed)

Front 77

of the four scales of measurement, the ___ scale is the least mathematically complex.

Back 77

nominal

Front 78

When we measure a characteristic with the nominal scale, there is no inherent ___ to the scale categories, and we cannot say that one person has more or less of the characteristic being measured than another person.

Back 78

order

Front 79

The only quantitative operation that we can perform when data are measured on the nominal scale is to count the ___ of observations in each category

Back 79

frequency (number)

Front 80

The ordinal scale of measurement has the mathematical property of ___.

Back 80

order

Front 81

When using the ordinal scale, we can say that one person has ___ of the characteristic being measured than another person.

Back 81

more or less

Front 82

The interval scale has the property of ___ and equal intervals between successive points on the measuring scale.

Back 82

order

Front 83

The interval scale has the property of order and ___intervals between successive points on the measuring scale.

Back 83

equal

Front 84

On an interval scale, a score of 100 is ___ between the scores of 90 and 100.

Back 84

midway

Front 85

The most mathematically complex measurement scale is the ___ scale.

Back 85

ratio

Front 86

The ratio scale has the properties of order and equal intervals as well as an __ zero point.

Back 86

absolute

Front 87

The absolute zero point on a ratio scale makes it possible to not only add and subtract scores but also to ___ them and to conclude that a person who receives a score of 150 has three times as much of the characteristic being measured as a person who receives a score of 50.

Back 87

multiple and divide

Front 88

On a ratio scale, a person who receives a score of 150 has ___ times as much of the characteristic being measured as a person who receives a score of 50.

Back 88

three

Front 89

A "normal distribution" is symmetrical and ___ shaped

Back 89

bell

Front 90

when a distribution is more "peaked" than the normal distribution, it is said to be___.

Back 90

leptokurtic

Front 91

When a distribution is flatter than the normal distribution, it is ___.

Back 91

platykurtic

Front 92

In a ___ distribution, over 50% of the scores fall on one side of the distribution.

Back 92

skewed

Front 93

When scores are concentrated in the positive side of the distribution with only a relatively few scores in the negative side (tail), the distribution is said to be ___ skewed.

Back 93

negatively

Front 94

When scores are concentrated in the negative side of the distribution with only a relatively few scores in the positive side (tail), the distribution is called __ skewed.

Back 94

positively

Front 95

The mean, median, and mode are measures of ___ tendency that summarize a distribution of data by providing a "typical" score.

Back 95

central

Front 96

The mode is the most ___ occurring score or category in a distribution.

Back 96

frequently

Front 97

The median is the ___ score in an ordered set of data.

Back 97

average

Front 98

The mean is the arithmetic ____.

Back 98

average

Front 99

The mean can be calculated only when the variable has been measured using a(n) ___ scale.

Back 99

interval or ratio

Front 100

In a ___ skewed distribution, the mean is greater than the median.

Back 100

positively

Front 101

In a ___ skewed distribution, the mean is less than the median, which is less than the mode.

Back 101

negatively

Front 102

Measures of variability indicate the degree of ___ in a distribution of scores.

Back 102

dispersion (heterogeneity)

Front 103

The simplest measure of variability is the ___, which is calculated by subtracting the lowest score in the distribution from the highest score.

Back 103

range

Front 104

The simplest measure of variability is the range, which is calculated by subtracting the lowest score in the distribution from the ___ score.

Back 104

highest

Front 105

The variance and standard deviation are more thorough measures of variability because their calculation includes ___ of the scores in the distribution.

Back 105

all

Front 106

Variance and standard deviation indicate, on average, how much the scores in a distribution vary from the distribution's ___.

Back 106

mean

Front 107

The standard deviation is equal to the ___ of the variance.

Back 107

square root

Front 108

Standard deviation is usually preferred to the variance as a descriptive technique because it expresses a distribution's variability in the same unit of ___ as the original scores and is easier to interpret.

Back 108

measurement

Front 109

If a distribution of IQ scores has a mean of 100 and a variance of 225, its standard deviation is equal to ___.

Back 109

15

Front 110

Assuming that the population distribution is normal, this means that, in the population, about ____ percent of people have IQ scores between 85 and 115.

Back 110

68%

Front 111

Assuming population distribution is normal, about ___ percent have IQ scores between 70 and 130.

Back 111

95%

Front 112

Assuming the population distribution is normal, about ___ percent have IQ scores between 55 and 145.

Back 112

99%

Front 113

When a constant is ___ each score in a distribution, the measures of central tendency change but the measures of variability stay the same.

Back 113

added to or subtracted from

Front 114

In contrast, when each score is ___ by a constant, the measures of central tendency and variability all change.

Back 114

multiplied or divided

Front 115

An inferential statistical test enables an investigator to determine the probability of obtaining a sample with a particular value by comparing the obtained sample value to an appropriate ___ distribution.

Back 115

sampling

Front 116

When the sample value of interest is a mean, the comparison distribution is the sampling distribution of the ____, which is the distribution of means that would be obtained if a large number of equal-sized random samples were drawn from the same population and the mean of each sample was calculated.

Back 116

mean

Front 117

While many sample means would equal the population mean, because of the effects of ____, some means would be lower than the population mean and some would be higher.

Back 117

sampling error

Front 118

According to the ___ Theorem, the sampling distribution of the mean is normally shaped.

Back 118

Central Limit

Front 119

According to the Central Limit Theorem, the mean equals the ____.

Back 119

population mean

Front 120

According to the Central Limit Theorem, the ___ of the mean, is equal to the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size (N).

Back 120

standard error

Front 121

According to the Central Limit Theorem, the standard error of the mean, is equal to the population __ divided by the square root of the sample size.

Back 121

standard deviation

Front 122

According to the Central Limit Theorem, the standard error of the mean, is equal to the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the ___.

Back 122

sample size

Front 123

The ___ hypothesis is sated in a way that implies that the independent variable does not have an effect on the dependent variable and that any observed effect is the result of sampling error.

Back 123

null

Front 124

The null hypothesis is sated in a way that implies that the independent variable does not have an effect on the dependent variable and that any observed effect is the result of ____.

Back 124

sampling error

Front 125

The ___ hypothesis states the opposite of the null hypothesis and is expressed in a way that implies that the independent variable does have an effect on the dependent variable.

Back 125

alternative

Front 126

The alternative hypothesis states the opposite of the null hypothesis and is expressed in a way that implies that the independent variable ____ the dependent variable.

Back 126

does have an effect on

Front 127

A ____ alternative hypothesis predicts whether the population value will be greater or less than the population value specified in the null hypothesis.

Back 127

directional

Front 128

A directional alternative hypothesis predicts whether the population value will be greater or ____ the population value specified in the null hypothesis.

Back 128

less than

Front 129

A ____ alternative hypothesis states only that the population value is not equal to the value stated in the null hypothesis.

Back 129

nondirectional

Front 130

The results of an inferential statistical test indicate whether the obtained sample value falls within the region of likely values or unlikely values in the ___ distribution.

Back 130

sampling

Front 131

When the results of the statistical test indicate that the obtained sample value falls in the region of unlikely values, the null hypothesis is ___ and the alternative hypothesis is retained.

Back 131

rejected

Front 132

When the results of the statistical test indicate that the obtained sample value falls in the region of unlikely values, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is ____.

Back 132

retained

Front 133

Conversely, when the results indicate that the sample value falls in the region of likely values, the null hypothesis is ____ and the alternative hypothesis is rejected.

Back 133

retained

Front 134

Conversely, when the results indicate that the sample value falls in the region of likely values, the null hypothesis is retained and the alternative hypothesis is _____.

Back 134

rejected

Front 135

The size of the ____ region (region of unlikely values) is defined by alpha.

Back 135

rejection

Front 136

IN psychological research, alpha is usually set at .01 or ____.

Back 136

.05

Front 137

When alpha is .01, this means that ___% of the sampling distribution is then region of unlikely values, while the remaining 99% is the region of likely values.

Back 137

1%

Front 138

When alpha is .01, this means that 1% of the sampling distribution is then region of unlikely values, while the remaining___% is the region of likely values.

Back 138

99%

Front 139

The region of unlikely values is always placed in one or both___ of the sampling distribution so that it contains the sample values that are least likely to occur as the result of sampling error alone.

Back 139

tails

Front 140

When the results of a study are "statistically ___", this means that the obtained sample value is in the rejection region of the sampling distribution and that the investigator has rejected the null hypothesis.

Back 140

significant

Front 141

When the results of a study are "statistically significant", this means that the obtained sample value is in the ____ of the sampling distribution and that the investigator has rejected the null hypothesis.

Back 141

rejection region

Front 142

When the results of a study are "statistically significant", this means that the obtained sample value is in the rejection region of the sampling distribution and that the investigator has rejected the ____.

Back 142

null hypothesis

Front 143

You learn from a friend that another psychologist has been revealing confidential information about clients at parties. You both are part of a small community and you learn that the news has spread through this community. You should:

A. Call the psychologist to assess the damage and ensure he/she takes steps to correct the problem.

B. Report an ethical violation to the state or national committee

Back 143

*report an ethical violation to the state or national committee.

Front 144

The idea that punching the bed or a pillow helps to reduce aggressive impulses is part of:

Back 144

catharsis theory

Front 145

"On the WAIS-IV, which factors is most stable across a person's lifetime?"

Back 145

verbal comprehension

Front 146

"You see a little girl who had been doing well until her friend died suddenly. Now she has been trembling, feels 'shaky,' and cries a great deal. What is the best diagnosis?"

Back 146

bereavement

Front 147

Which of the following statements regarding informed consent is MOST true?

Back 147

all informed consent to research should be appropriately documented

Front 148

"As opposed to transactional leaders, transformational leaders emphasize: "

Back 148

higher order needs

Front 149

Holland and Roe's theories predict that job satisfaction would be highest when there is a(n):

Back 149

personality-environment match

Front 150

Which of the following work schedules has been shown to be the least stressful?

Back 150

flex time

Front 151

Whose theory included convergent and divergent thinking as dimensions of intelligence?

Back 151

Guilford

Front 152

What make avoidance behavior particularly difficult to treat?

Back 152

the feared stimulus is never present

Front 153

Heterogeneity in groups has been shown by research to have what effect on group performance?

Back 153

heterogeneity is positively related to creativity and decision making effectiveness

Front 154

Cohesive groups lead to what type of productivity?

Back 154

higher levels of productivity only when management is supportive

Front 155

"In comparison to American families as a whole, Asian American families typically:"

Back 155

have lower divorce rates and fewer families with a female head

Front 156

What stage of ethnic identity development do White adolescents score lower in than minority adolescents?

Back 156

foreclosure

Front 157

Where is peripheral vision processed?

Back 157

anterior occipital lobe

Front 158

"In children, memory for early events:"

Back 158

changes as it develops over time

Front 159

A type of vascular headache that typically involves unilateral pain in the orbital or frontal regions is a:

Back 159

cluster headache

Front 160

Which of the following is brief dynamic therapy least likely to involve?

Back 160

an emphasis on restoring the person to a previous level of normal functioning

Front 161

Children with Autism are most likely to have what type of speech difficulty if they are able to develop language skills?

Back 161

pronoun reversal

Front 162

"A psychologist is undertaking a research study and has provided the potential participants with purpose of the study and a written consent form. The nature of the study requires that participants remain involved for at least Time 1, which is 6 weeks. participants are asked not to participate if they think they would withdraw before the end of 6 weeks. According to APA's Ethical Principles, this study:"

Back 162

should not be completed because participants are not free to withdraw at any time

Front 163

What type of reinforcement schedule are slot machines on?

Back 163

variable ratio

Front 164

"If a job performance measure is producing too many false positives, how could you correct the issue?"

Back 164

raise the predictor cutoff score and/or lower the criterion cutoff score

Front 165

The realization that gender doesn't change based on superficial changes in appearance or activity occurs between ages 4 and 7 is called:

Back 165

gender constancy

Front 166

"Preschoolers who were hostile and aggressive towards their peers, had which of the following attachment styles in infancy?"

Back 166

disorganized attachment

Front 167

The failure to recognize one's own functional impairment is:

Back 167

anosagnosia

Front 168

"In a rural area, a psychologist agrees to conduct a psychological evaluation and treatment for the same person at the request of a third party. This is considered:"

Back 168

"ethical, if the psychologists takes reasonable steps to minimize any negative effect"

Front 169

Research has shown backward conditioning to be:

Back 169

ineffective

Front 170

"Mary had no friends at work, despite having been with the same company for 15 years. She has little social contact and does not attend any social gatherings as she is afraid that no one will talk to her or she will be made fun of. However, she desires to have more friends and social contact as she often feels lonely. What is her most likely diagnosis?"

Back 170

avoidant personality disorder

Front 171

What is the primary difference between Alzheimer's Disease and Korsakoff's Syndrome?

Back 171

"Alzheimer's Disease involved both memory loss and other cognitive impairments, while Korsakoff's Syndrome involves memory loss, but not other cognitive impairments"

Front 172

Which group of women has been found to have the lowest lifetime rate of victimization by an intimate partner?

Back 172

Asian American

Front 173

"Clonidine is often prescribed for Tourette's Disorder because it is safe for chronic use. However, which of the following undesirable side effects does it have?"

Back 173

dry mouth, headache, and hypotension

Front 174

At what age do children typically achieve conservation according to Piaget?

Back 174

7 to 10 years

Front 175

"What part of the brain is most likely to be damaged in a patient is exhibiting disinhibition, indifference, and jocularity?"

Back 175

right frontal lobe

Front 176

When would ECT most likely be used?

Back 176

with an elderly depressed female

Front 177

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder involves:"

Back 177

indiscriminate attachments

Front 178

An example of a paradoxical director would be

Back 178

telling the family and truant child to go ahead and skip school

Front 179

"A company hires you to evaluate applicants and current employees for the purposes of hiring, promotion, training, and termination. The company informs you everyone has signed a wavier of confidentiality already. What would be the best course of action in this situation?"

Back 179

discuss the impact of the waiver with the applicants and employees and ensure they want to continue the evaluation

Front 180

"If you wanted to compare the level of anxiety (as measured by the number of scored responses on an anxiety inventory) of college males to college females, what statistical test would you use?"

Back 180

student's t-test

Front 181

"A client presents with constant nausea, extreme fatigue, and sexual indifference for 9 months. Despite multiple medial examinations, no medical cause has been identified. What is the most likely diagnosis."

Back 181

somatic symptom disorder

Front 182

What age group is most likely to have the highest level of global job satisfaction?

Back 182

50-55 year olds

Front 183

Which of the following WAIS-IV subtests is least likely to be affect by normal aging?

Back 183

vocabulary

Front 184

Which method would NOT be used if researchers wanted to detect differential item functioning?

Back 184

cluster analysis

Front 185

People that suffer from prosopagnosia are most likely to have damage in which area of the brain?

Back 185

bilateral occipitemporal area

Front 186

What is the best way to reduce substance abuse among Native American adolescents?

Back 186

increasing bicultural competence

Front 187

Which of the following indices on the WAIS-IV would a client with Alzheimer's Disease most likely score the lowest?

Back 187

perceptual organization and processing speed

Front 188

"People that have conduction, Broca's or Wernicke's aphasia share which of the following symptoms?"

Back 188

difficulty repeating what someone else has said

Front 189

A client presents with mild-moderate symptoms of depression. Which of the following is a solution focused therapist most likely to do?

Back 189

ask future-orientated questions, like the miracle question

Front 190

Which memory function is most likely to be affected following a head trauma or stroke?

Back 190

memory for newly learned information

Front 191

You are the only mental health provider in a rural community and your roommate's boss wants to schedule an appointment with you. What should you do?

Back 191

Refer him if you believe that treating him would impair your objectivity

Front 192

"In children diagnosised with Oppositional Defiant Disorder, which of the following would be most true?"

Back 192

symptoms of the disorder are more likely to present around people with whom the child is familiar than strangers

Front 193

Which of the following is true of a culturally-encapsulated therapist?

Back 193

tends to accept cultural stereotypes about members of minority groups without question and is unaware of his or her cultural bias

Front 194

Social psychology describes a 'script' as:

Back 194

a representation of a stereotyped sequence of actions

Front 195

What was the result of the Robber's Cave (Sherif et al., 1961) experiment?"

Back 195

superordinate goals reduce hostility between groups

Front 196

Secondary impotence is LEAST likely caused by which of the following?

Back 196

old age

Front 197

Which of the following represents the coefficient of multiple determination?

Back 197

R2

Front 198

Signs of social inhibition are typically present by what age?

Back 198

by the age of 4 months

Front 199

You take a whole chocolate bar and break it into a few pieces. You ask your niece if there is more chocolate now than there was before. She says no. She has attained at least what stage of cognitive development?

Back 199

concrete operational

Front 200

Which health care providers does the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 apply to?

Back 200

only providers who transmit patient information electronically

Front 201

"When working with a client from a minority background, which of the following is most consistent with APA's Guidelines for Providers of Services to Ethnic, Linguistic, and Culturally Diverse Populations?"

Back 201

therapists should remember that culture and ethnicity are significantly related to therapy issues

Front 202

"Of the following pairs, which is most similar?"

Back 202

anterograde amnesia and proactive inhibition

Front 203

"The APA's Guidelines for Providers for Services to Ethnic, Linguistic, and Culturally Diverse Populations do NOT recommend that:"

Back 203

therapists downplaying their own culture and emphasizing the client's culture

Front 204

In which of the following behavioral principles is negative reinforcement essential?

Back 204

escape conditioning

Front 205

A server is most likely to get the smallest tip from a table when the party is large and everyone contributes to a group tip. This demonstrates which social psychology principle?

Back 205

social loafing theory

Front 206

You're concerned that the validity coefficient of a new job selection test might select more majority group members than minority group members. You think that the test might lead to:

Back 206

adverse impact

Front 207

What is the best predictor of adaptation in old age?

Back 207

health

Front 208

What theoretical technique is the behavioral principle of flooding based on?

Back 208

classical extinction

Front 209

Which theory of emotion states that, 'we feel afraid because we tremble'?

Back 209

James-Lange

Front 210

"If a person elevates the F scale on the MMPI-2 above a 70 and also obtains a low K scale score, what is the most likely interpretation?"

Back 210

the client is likely being careless or deliberately malingering

Front 211

"Overall, research shows that the best way to reduce teenage pregnancy is to use:"

Back 211

a clinic program that provides information about contraceptive use

Front 212

Which of the following relationships has research in industrial/organization psychology been shown to be the strongest?

Back 212

job turnover and job dissatisfaction

Front 213

What has research in treating Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) shown?

Back 213

interpersonal therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy are equally effective, but are still less effective in treating Dysthymia than Major Depressive Disorder

Front 214

Equity theory shows that people are most likely to maintain their level of performance and feel content when:

Back 214

they perceive their input-output ratio as equal to others

Front 215

Individuals most likely to respond positively to light therapy when diagnosed with Seasonal Affective Disorder typically exhibit what kind of symptoms

Back 215

atypical symptoms like increased carbohydrate craving and hypersomnia

Front 216

You discover one of your clients is HIV positive. This client has not informed his/her spouse of the diagnosis and is engaging in unprotected sex. Which of the following most represents current laws regarding psychologists' obligations?

Back 216

Whether or not you are legally required to breach confidentiality depends on the state in which you are practicing

Front 217

What onsets early sexual maturation (i.e. boys under 9 and girls under 7)?

Back 217

the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis

Front 218

Managed care organizations use what type of review process to ensure that provides meet and maintain health plan participation requirements?

Back 218

credentialing

Front 219

When teaching clients to establish a 'relaxation response,' what is occurring physiologically?"

Back 219

decreases in the sympathetic nervous system

Front 220

"In a forensic setting, psychologists must be careful to:"

Back 220

acknowledge the limits of the data or conclusions that they draw

Front 221

"In criterion related validity, what is a good way to define the criterion?"

Back 221

the predictee

Front 222

Research on cross-cultural findings on emotions has shown what?

Back 222

there are 6 basic emotions according to most researchers, but the inclusion of other emotions as universal and basic has been disputed

Front 223

The rational-economic model of decision making does not typically prove viable in organizations is:

Back 223

it places too many demands on both the individuals and the organizations

Front 224

"Steinberg, Dornbusch and colleagues found that the positive impact of authoritative parenting:"

Back 224

may apply less to African-American adolescents than to European, Asian, and Hispanic adolescents

Front 225

What type of headaches is electromyography (EMG) biofeedback more effective in treating?

Back 225

tension headaches

Front 226

"A common result of aging, presbyopia is likely to increase from 4 inches at 20 years of age to how many inches at 60 years of age?"

Back 226

48 inches

Front 227

During a court-order evaluation, the prisoner you are testing tells you that while he verbally agreed to be tested, he didn't sign anything so you are 'out of luck'.

Back 227

You should compete the report and leave out the prisoner's comments

Front 228

You just completed a study looking at the relationship between job salary and job satisfaction and found a significant correlation between these two variables. Your research assistant realized he/she made a mistake and forgot to include a $25.00 cost of living raise the employees received. You should:

Back 228

assume the correlation will not be affected

Front 229

"When using a diagnostic scale, several psychologists all separately come to the same conclusions regarding the diagnosis of a patient. This is a good sign that the diagnostic scale is:"

Back 229

reliable

Front 230

According to Kohlberg, which of the following is most likely to be true regarding the relationship between moral reasoning and moral action?

Back 230

while there is not a one-to-one correlation between moral reasoning and moral action, the higher the stage of moral reasoning, the stronger the relationship between moral reasoning and moral behavioral is likely to be

Front 231

"When a boss is doing a performance appraisal of his/her employees, merit comparisons as compared to paired comparisons are:"

Back 231

less precise, but easier

Front 232

What measure the 'amount of variability accounted for'?

Back 232

eta squared

Front 233

What are the primary triggers of relapse for individuals who are attempting to quit smoking?

Back 233

withdrawal and emotional factors, like negative affect

Front 234

What is the sequence of depth perception development in infants?

Back 234

kinetic, binocular, pictorial"

Front 235

The minimum amount of information one has to know to determine the incremental validity of a selection test is:

Back 235

"base rate, selection ratio, and validity of the test"

Front 236

A study wants to determine the effectiveness of 3 different math programs on math comprehension skills. The participants are 6th graders and are divided into 3 groups (below average, average, and above average) based on their math skills. Results from a factorial ANOVA reveal significant main effects for each variable and a significant interaction effect. Based on these results, the study could conclude:"

Back 236

the most effective math program is dependent on the student's math level

Front 237

Which of the following characterizes the first stage of sleep?

Back 237

alpha waves

Front 238

Vygotsky stressed which of the following more than Piaget?

Back 238

children's relationship with others in the family

Front 239

Which of the following is NOT true regarding Mincuhin's concept of enmeshed or disengaged families:

Back 239

In a disengaged family, excessive conflict prevents communication

Front 240

Results from longitudinal studies looking at the relationship between psychological well-being and menopause have suggested that:

Back 240

there is no evidence that menopause is linked to either depression or psychological well-being

Front 241

Which of the following statements is false according to Kohlberg's and Piaget's theory of moral development?

Back 241

there may be differences across cultures in the development of moral reasoning, especially in the early stages

Front 242

When a researcher makes the decision to retain or reject the __ hypothesis, there is no way to know with certainty if the decision is correct or in error.

Back 242

null

Front 243

A Type I error is made when a true null hypothesis is ___

Back 243

rejected

Front 244

Type I error occurs when a researcher concludes that an independent variable has had an effect on the dependent variable, but the observed effect was actually due to ___.

Back 244

sampling error

Front 245

The probably of making a Type I error is equal to ___.

Back 245

alpha (level of significance)

Front 246

When ___ is set at .05 and the researcher has rejected the null hypothesis, there is 5% chance that a Type I error has been made.

Back 246

alpha

Front 247

When alpha is set at .05 and the researcher has rejected the null hypothesis, there is __% chance that a Type I error has been made.

Back 247

5%

Front 248

A type II error is made when a false null hypothesis is ___.

Back 248

retained

Front 249

A Type II error might occur when the ___ variable was not administered in a sufficient intensity or for a long enough period of time, when the sample size was too small, or when alpha is too small.

Back 249

independent

Front 250

A Type II error might occur when the independent variable was not administered in a sufficient intensity or for a long enough period of time, when the sample size was too ___, or when alpha is too small.

Back 250

small

Front 251

A Type II error might occur when the independent variable was not administered in a sufficient intensity or for a long enough period of time, when the sample size was too small, or when alpha is too ___.

Back 251

small

Front 252

When retaining a null hypothesis, the researcher correctly concludes that any observed effect of an IV is actually due to ___.

Back 252

sampling error

Front 253

When retaining a null hypothesis, the researcher may also ___ a false null hypothesis

Back 253

reject

Front 254

When rejecting the false null hypothesis, the researcher correctly decides that the ___ had an effect on the DV.

Back 254

IV

Front 255

Power is increased as alpha ___, as the sample size increases, and as the magnitude of the effect of the independent variable increases.

Back 255

increases

Front 256

Power is increased as alpha increases, as the sample size ___, and as the magnitude of the effect of the independent variable increases.

Back 256

increases

Front 257

Power is also maximized when a one-tailed test is used (when appropriate) and when the data are analyzed using a t-test, ANOVA, or other __ statistical test.

Back 257

parametric

Front 258

Both categories of inferential statistics (parametric or non parametric) share the assumptions that the sample has been ___ from the population and that observations are independent.

Back 258

randomly selected

Front 259

Both categories of inferential statistics (parametric or non parametric) share the assumptions that the sample has been randomly selected from the population and that observations are _____.

Back 259

independent

Front 260

A ___ test is used when the data being analyzed represent a(n) interval or ratio scale of measurement and when two assumptions have been met.

Back 260

parametric

Front 261

The first assumption (for parametric test) is that, in the population from which the sample was drawn, scores on the variable are ___ distributed.

Back 261

normally

Front 262

A parametric test is used when the data being analyzed represent a(n) ___ or ratio scale of measurement and when two assumptions have been met.

Back 262

interval

Front 263

The 2nd assumption (for parametric tests) is that there is "homoscedasticity", which means that the ___ of the populations that the different groups represent are equal.

Back 263

variances

Front 264

If the data to be analyzed do not meet the assumptions for a parametric test or if they represent a(n) ___ or ordinal scale of measurement, a nonparametric test is used.

Back 264

nominal

Front 265

If the data to be analyzed do not meet the assumptions for a parametric test or if they represent a(n) nominal or ordinal scale of measurement, a ___ test is used.

Back 265

nonparametric

Front 266

The major limitation of the nonparametric tests is that they are less ___ than parametric tests, which means that, when using these tests, it is more difficult to detect a false null hypothesis.

Back 266

powerful

Front 267

The major limitation of the nonparametric tests is that they are less powerful than parametric tests, which means that, when using these tests, it is more difficult to detect a false ___ hypothesis.

Back 267

null

Front 268

Parametric and nonparametric tests both yield a test statistic that the researcher compares to a critical value, which is the cutoff point that divides the ___ into the regions of likely and unlikely values.

Back 268

sampling distribution

Front 269

The critical value for a particular research study is determined by two factors: ___ and the degrees of freedom.

Back 269

alpha

Front 270

The chi-squared test is used to analyze data collected on a ___variable.

Back 270

nominal

Front 271

The ___ sample chi-square test is used when a study includes only one variable and data on that variable that are reported in terms of frequencies.

Back 271

single-

Front 272

The single-sample chi-square test is used when a study includes only one ___ and data on that variable that are reported in terms of frequencies.

Back 272

variable

Front 273

The single-sample chi-square test is used when a study includes only one variable and data on that variable that are reported in terms of ___.

Back 273

frequencies

Front 274

A single-sample chi-square test would be appropriate when the researcher asks a sample of 40 students to indicate which of five textbooks they prefer for an intro clinical psychology class. The degrees of freedom for this study are equal to __.

Back 274

4 =(5-1)

Front 275

The ___ sample chi-square test is used when a study includes two or more variables and the data to be analyzed are frequencies in each nominal category.

Back 275

multiple-

Front 276

The multiple-sample chi-square test is used when a study includes __ or more variables and the data to be analyzed are frequencies in each nominal category.

Back 276

two

Front 277

A hospital director wants to compare the number of current adult male, adult female, adolescent male, and adolescent female in-patients who have received a primary diagnosis of either Major Depressive Dx, Bipolar I dx, Bipolar II dx, or Mood Dx NOS. The degrees of freedom for this study are equal to ___.

Back 277

9 =(4-1)(4-1)

Front 278

The Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon matched-pairs test are used to analyze data when a study includes one ___ variable with two levels and the data to be analyzed are reported in terms of ranks.

Back 278

independent

Front 279

The Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon matched-pairs test are used to analyze data when a study includes one independent variable with two levels and the data to be analyzed are reported in terms of __.

Back 279

ranks

Front 280

The Mann-Whitney U test is appropriate when the two groups are ___, while the Wilcoxon test is used when the groups are correlated (related).

Back 280

independent (unrelated)

Front 281

The Mann-Whitney U test is appropriate when the two groups are independent (unrelated), while the Wilcoxon test is used when the groups are _____.

Back 281

correlated (related)

Front 282

The various forms of the t-test are all used to compare two ___.

Back 282

means

Front 283

Although t-tests can be used to analyze data from studies involving more than two means, this is problematic because it increases the ___ error rate which refers to the chance of making a Type I error.

Back 283

experimentwise

Front 284

The t-test for a single sample is appropriate for comparing an obtained __ to a known population mean.

Back 284

group (sample) mean

Front 285

The t-test for a single sample is appropriate for comparing an obtained group (sample) mean to a known ___.

Back 285

population mean

Front 286

The degrees of freedom for a t-test for a single sample are equal to the ___, where N is the number of subjects in the sample.

Back 286

(N-1)

Front 287

The t-test for __ samples is used to compare the means obtained by subjects in two unrelated groups.

Back 287

independent

Front 288

The degrees of freedom for this t-test are equal to ___, where N is the total number of subjects in the study.

Back 288

(N-2)

Front 289

Finally, the t-test for ___ samples is used to compare two means when groups are related.

Back 289

correlated

Front 290

One way is by matching subjects in pairs on the basis of their status on a(n) ___ variable.

Back 290

extraneous

Front 291

Another way to obtain related groups in a t-test is for subjects to act as their own ___ (comparison) group.

Back 291

control

Front 292

The degrees of freedom for a t-test equal___, where the N is the number of pairs of scores.

Back 292

(N-1)

Front 293

The degrees of freedom for a t-test equal (N-1), where the N is the number of ____.

Back 293

pairs of scores

Front 294

If a psychologist conducts a study to compare the effects of two weight reduction programs, and he matches subjects in pairs in terms of their initial weight and assigns members of each pair to a different program, the t-test for ___ is the appropriate statistical test.

Back 294

correlated samples

Front 295

If a sample consists of 26 subjects, the degrees of freedom for this study are___.

Back 295

(13-1)=12

Front 296

The ___ ANOVA is used when a study includes one independent variable and two or more independent groups.

Back 296

one-way

Front 297

The one-way ANOVA is used when a study includes one ___ variable and two or more independent groups.

Back 297

independent

Front 298

The one-way ANOVA is used when a study includes one independent variable and two or more ____groups.

Back 298

independent

Front 299

A one-way ANOVA yields a single F-ratio, which is calculated by dividing MSB by MSW. MSB is a measure of variability that reflects ___, and MSW is a measure of variability that reflects error only.

Back 299

treatment effects and error

Front 300

A one-way ANOVA yields a single F-ratio, which is calculated by dividing MSB (mean square between) by MSW (mean square within). MSB is a measure of variability that reflects treatment effects and error, and MSW is a measure of variability that reflects ___ only.

Back 300

error

Front 301

When MSB (mean square between) is ___ than MSW (mean square within), the F-ratio is greater than 1.0, suggesting that the independent variable has had an effect on the dependent variable.

Back 301

larger

Front 302

When MSB (mean square between) is larger than MSW (mean square within), the F-ratio is greater than ____, suggesting that the independent variable has had an effect on the dependent variable.

Back 302

1.0

Front 303

The factorial ANOVA is the appropriate statistical test when a research study includes ___ independent variables.

Back 303

two or more

Front 304

A factorial ANOVA provides a separate F-ratio for the ___ effects of each independent variable and for the interaction(s) between independent variables.

Back 304

main

Front 305

A factorial ANOVA provides a separate F-ratio for the main effects of each independent variable and for the ____ between independent variables.

Back 305

interaction(s)

Front 306

If a psychologist conducts a study to compare the effects of four different weight loss programs for males and females, the study's independent variables are ____.

Back 306

weight loss program and gender

Front 307

In a study comparing effects of 4 different weight loss programs for males and females, assuming that the dependent variable is measured on a (n) ___ or ratio scale, the appropriate statistical test would be the factorial (two-way) ANOVA.

Back 307

interval

Front 308

In a study comparing effects of 4 different weight loss programs for males and females, assuming that the dependent variable is measured on a (n) interval or ratio scale, the appropriate statistical test would be the ____ANOVA.

Back 308

factorial (two-way)

Front 309

The ___ ANOVA is used when a researcher wants to control an extraneous variable by statistically analyzing its effects on the dependent variable.

Back 309

randomized block

Front 310

The effects of an extraneous variable can be statistically removed by using the ___.

Back 310

ANCOVA

Front 311

The repeated measures ANOVA is used to analyze interval or ratio data when a ___ subjects research design has been employed.

Back 311

within-

Front 312

If a study includes at least one within-subjects IV and one between-groups IV, the __ ANOVA is appropriate.

Back 312

mixed (split-plot)

Front 313

Trend analysis is used for identifying linear and nonlinear trends when the ___ is quantitative.

Back 313

independent variable

Front 314

If a study includes one IV and four DVs, a researcher has a choice between conducting four ___ ANOVAs or a single MANOVA.

Back 314

one-way

Front 315

If a study includes one IV and four DVs, a researcher has a choice between conducting four one-way ANOVAs or a single ____.

Back 315

MANOVA

Front 316

If a study includes one IV and four DVs, a researcher has a choice between conducting four one-way ANOVAs or a single MANOVA. In this situation, the latter test is usually preferred because it helps reduce the ___.

Back 316

experiment wise error rate (probability of making a Type I error).

Front 317

Cohen's d and eta squared are measures of ___.

Back 317

effect size

Front 318

Correlational techniques are used to determine the degree of ___ between two or more variables and to make predictions about status or score(s) on one or more criteria based on status or score(s) on one or more predictors.

Back 318

association

Front 319

Correlational techniques are used to determine the degree of association between two or more variables and to make predictions about status or score(s) on one or more criteria based on status or score(s) on one or more _____.

Back 319

predictors

Front 320

A scattergram illustrates the relationship between 2 variables. The wider the scatter of data points in the scattergram, the ___ the correlation between the variables.

Back 320

lower

Front 321

The choice of a coefficient is based primarily on the scale of measurement of the variables being correlated. For example, the Pearson r is used when both variables are measured on a(n) ___ scale, while Spearman rho is used when both variables are ranks.

Back 321

interval or ratio

Front 322

The choice of a coefficient is based primarily on the scale of measurement of the variables being correlated. For example, the Pearson r is used when both variables are measured on a(n) interval or ratio scale, while ____ is used when both variables are ranks.

Back 322

Spearman rho

Front 323

The ___ correlation coefficient is appropriate when one variable is a true dichotomy and the other is measured on an interval or ratio scale, and the biserial correlation coefficient is appropriate when one variable is an artificial dichotomy and the other is measured on an interval or ratio scale.

Back 323

point biserial

Front 324

The point biserial correlation coefficient is appropriate when one variable is a true dichotomy and the other is measured on an interval or ratio scale, and the ____ correlation coefficient is appropriate when one variable is an artificial dichotomy and the other is measured on an interval or ratio scale.

Back 324

biserial

Front 325

The Pearson r and coefficients derived from it range in value from ___.

Back 325

-1.0 to +1.0

Front 326

The magnitude of the coefficient indicates the ___ of the relationship, while the sign indicates its direction.

Back 326

strength

Front 327

The magnitude of the coefficient indicates the strength of the relationship, while the sign indicates its ____.

Back 327

direction

Front 328

Use of the Pearson r is based on three assumptions: first, there must be a ___ relationship between variables; second, there must be an unrestricted range of scores on both variables; and, third, there must be homoscedasticity, or the same range of Y scores at every value of X.

Back 328

linear

Front 329

Use of the Pearson r is based on three assumptions: first, there must be a linear relationship between variables; second, there must be an ____range of scores on both variables; and, third, there must be homoscedasticity, or the same range of Y scores at every value of X.

Back 329

unrestricted

Front 330

Use of the Pearson r is based on three assumptions: first, there must be a linear relationship between variables; second, there must be an unrestricted range of scores on both variables; and, third, there must be _____, or the same range of Y scores at every value of X.

Back 330

homoscedasticity

Front 331

A large correlation coefficient for two variables alone cannot be interpreted as evidence of a(n) ___ relationship between X and Y but can be interpreted in terms of shared variability.

Back 331

causal

Front 332

A large correlation coefficient for two variables alone cannot be interpreted as evidence of a(n) causal relationship between X and Y but can be interpreted in terms of shared variability. This is done by ___the correlation coefficient.

Back 332

squaring

Front 333

If the correlation coefficient for X and Y is .30, this means that _% of variability in Y is explained by variability in X.

Back 333

9

Front 334

Regression analysis is the technique that makes it possible to use a predictor (X) score to predict or estimate a ___ (Y) score.

Back 334

criterion

Front 335

An assumption underlying the use of regression analysis is that the relationship between X and Y can be described by a___.

Back 335

straight line

Front 336

The position of the regression line in a scattergram is identified using the___ criterion, which locates the regression line so that error in prediction is minimized.

Back 336

least squares

Front 337

Multivariate techniques are used to assess the degree of ___ among three or more variables.

Back 337

association

Front 338

Multiple regression analysis yields a ___ coefficient (R) and a multiple regression equation and is used when two or more continuous or discrete predictors will be used to predict status on a single continuous criterion.

Back 338

multiple correlation

Front 339

Multiple regression analysis yields a multiple correlation coefficient (R) and a ____ equation and is used when two or more continuous or discrete predictors will be used to predict status on a single continuous criterion.

Back 339

multiple regression

Front 340

Multiple regression analysis yields a multiple correlation coefficient (R) and a multiple regression equation and is used when two or more ____ or discrete predictors will be used to predict status on a single continuous criterion.

Back 340

continuous

Front 341

Multiple regression analysis yields a multiple correlation coefficient (R) and a multiple regression equation and is used when two or more continuous or discrete predictors will be used to predict status on a single ____ criterion.

Back 341

continuous

Front 342

To be most useful, the predictors included in the multiple regression equation should have ___ correlations with each other and a high correlation with the criterion.

Back 342

low

Front 343

To be most useful, the predictors included in the multiple regression equation should have low correlations with each other and a ___ correlation with the criterion.

Back 343

high

Front 344

When predictors have high correlations with each other, this condition is referred to as ___.

Back 344

multicollinearity

Front 345

One type of multiple regression, stepwise regression, involves adding or subtracting predictors one at a time, with the decision to add or subtract a predictor being based on the size of ___.

Back 345

R-squared

Front 346

When a multiple regression equation is cross-validated, the multiple correlation coefficient tends to ___.

Back 346

shrink

Front 347

When an investigator's goal is to use several predictors to classify an individual into a predefined category or group and the relationships between variables are linear, the appropriate multivariate technique is ___.

Back 347

discriminant function analysis

Front 348

If any of the relationships are nonlinear, ___ can be used.

Back 348

logistic regression

Front 349

___ is the appropriate technique when a set of continuous predictors will be used to predict status on a set of continuous criteria.

Back 349

canonical correlation

Front 350

Path analysis and LISREL are multivariate techniques that are used to test a ___ model or theory about the relationships among a set of variables.

Back 350

causal

Front 351

In contrast to path analysis, LISREL provides info on the relationships between both observed variables and the ___ those variables are believed to measure.

Back 351

latent traits

Front 352

Some multivariate techniques are used for the purpose of data reduction. For example, ___ is used to group people or objects into mutually exclusive and exhaustive subgroups based on their similarities.

Back 352

cluster analysis