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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The altitude of Mt. Whitney is 4418 meters while the altitude of Death Valley is 86 meters below sea level. The difference in their altitudes illustrates the concept of |
The difference in their altitudes illustrates the concept of variability. Variability means that there is fluctuation in data and can be defined numerically as the range, variance, or standard deviation. There is no variability when sample scores are identical. Variability increases as scores differ from each other. |
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A crucial step to rule out possible confounding when using a small N design is |
A crucial step to rule out possible confounding when using a small N design is removal of the independent variable and return of behavior to baseline. |
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Researchers use the ABA design to |
Researchers use the ABA design to demonstrate that a behavior returns to its baseline level when the experimental intervention is removed. |
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Many statistical tests assume that the population you have sampled is normally distributed. This means that if you could measure everyone in the population on the dependent variable, |
Many statistical tests assume that the population you have sampled is normally distributed. This means that if you could measure everyone in the population on the dependent variable, the distribution of scores would be symmetrical and bell-shaped. |
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A clinician compared the effectiveness of neurofeedback and stimulant medication in treating Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity. He assessed 40 teenage subjects using DSM-IV criteria and then randomly assigned them to either EEG biofeedback or stimulant medication. The subjects were treated for nine months and then reassessed. Since the neurofeedback group showed greater symptom reduction than the stimulant medication group, he |
Since the neurofeedback group showed greater symptom reduction than the stimulant medication group, he rejected the null hypothesis. |
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Many researchers prefer small N designs because they |
Many researchers prefer small N designs because they obtain a continuous record of a subject's behavior over time. |
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Which criterion does an experimenter use to decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis? |
An experimenter uses the criterion of significance level to decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis. |
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Statistical significance means that |
Statistical significance means that normal variability in the dependent variable cannot account for our results. The experimental results have met the set criterion for significance; the data do not support the null hypothesis, confirming a difference between the groups that occurred as a result of the experiment. |
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Researchers may use the ABA format only if |
Researchers may use the ABA format only if the treatment conditions are reversible. |
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An experimenter has the greatest confidence when using a _______ to represent the larger population. |
An experimenter has the greatest confidence when using a random sample to represent the larger population. Random sampling is an unbiased method for selecting subjects in such a way that each member of the population has an equal opportunity to be selected and the outcome cannot be predicted ahead of time by any known law. |
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Another name for an ABA design is a |
Another name for an ABA design is a reversal design. An ABA design is called a reversal design because the treatment is introduced and then withdrawn (a reversal). |
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When we set up statistical tests, we assume that |
When we set up statistical tests, we assume that the independent variable had no effect. |
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The _______ hypothesis states that the performance of the treatment groups is so similar that the scores must have been sampled from the same population. |
The null hypothesis states that the performance of the treatment groups is so similar that the scores must have been sampled from the same population. |
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A small N design is |
A small N design is a type of within-subjects design. A within-subjects design is one in which each subject takes part in more than one condition of the experiment. |
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When you select an alpha level of p < .05, this means that if you calculated 100 correlations, fewer than ___ would be significant due to chance. |
When you select an alpha level of p < .05, this means that if you calculated 100 correlations, fewer than 5 would be significant due to chance. |
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The results of an experiment are statistically significant when |
The results of an experiment are statistically significant when the difference between group scores exceeds normal variability. |
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The _____ in a small N design measures behavior as it normally occurs without manipulation of the independent variable. |
The baseline in a small N design measures behavior as it normally occurs without manipulation of the independent variable. |
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In an ABA design, the second A refers to |
In an ABA design, the second A refers to a return to the baseline condition. |
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The B in an ABA design refers to |
The B in an ABA design refers to the experimental condition. |
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Matt is impressed by the precision of the small N approach and declares, "The small N design is so powerful I'll use it for all my experiments!" Some researchers might disagree with him because small N designs |
Some researchers might disagree with him because small N designs may achieve lower external validity than well-designed large N designs. |
