N-Research 3

Front 1

When an experimenter fails to randomly assign subjects to different experimental conditions, a _______ threat is present since treatment groups may differ on subject variables.

Back 1

When an experimenter fails to randomly assign subjects to different experimental conditions, a selection threat is present since treatment groups may differ on subject variables. A selection threat is a threat to internal validity that can occur when nonrandom procedures are used to assign subjects to conditions or when random assignment fails to balance out differences among subjects across the different conditions of the experiment.

Front 2

Experimenters sometimes make errors in recording data that tend to favor the experimental hypothesis. This is an example of

Back 2

Experimenters sometimes make errors in recording data that tend to favor the experimental hypothesis. This is an example of experimenter bias. Experimenter bias is any behavior of the experimenter that can create confounding in an experiment.

Front 3

Researchers implanted electrical devices into patients diagnosed with congestive heart failure. They randomly assigned patients to either an experimental condition (device turned on) or control condition (device turned off) for six months. Neither the subjects nor the supervising physicians knew their treatment condition until the study ended. Which design did these researchers use?

Back 3

Researchers implanted electrical devices into patients diagnosed with congestive heart failure. They randomly assigned patients to either an experimental condition (device turned on) or control condition (device turned off) for six months. Neither the subjects nor the supervising physicians knew their treatment condition until the study ended. These researchers used a double-blind experiment. A double-blind experiment is a procedure in which neither the subjects nor the experimenter know which treatment the subjects are in. A double-blind experiment controls demand characteristics and experimenter bias.

Front 4

Researchers should anticipate the possibility of a _______ threat when they assign subjects to conditions using extreme test scores and retest these subjects after administering a treatment.

Back 4

Statistical regression threat is a threat to internal validity that can occur when subjects are assigned to conditions on the basis of extreme scores on a test; upon retest, the scores of extreme scorers tend to regress toward the mean even without any treatment.

Front 5

Although James wanted to run all the subjects in his experiment by himself, he realized that he couldn't complete the experiment in time without a second experimenter. To control for experimenter personality, he ran half the subjects in each condition and his roommate ran the other half. This strategy is called

Back 5

This strategy is called balancing. Balancing is a technique used to control the impact of extraneous variables by distributing their effects equally across treatment conditions.

Front 6

In _______, an experimenter controls physical variables by keeping all aspects of treatment conditions as nearly similar as possible.

Back 6

In constancy of conditions, an experimenter controls physical variables by keeping all aspects of treatment conditions as nearly similar as possible.

Front 7

The demand characteristics of an experiment may result in a subject

Back 7

The demand characteristics of an experiment may result in all of these. Demand characteristics are the aspects of the experimental situation itself that demand or elicit particular behaviors; can lead to distorted data by compelling subjects to produce responses that conform to what subjects believe is expected of them in the experiment.

Front 8

Single-blind experiments only control for

Back 8

Single-blind experiments only control for demand characteristics. In a single-blind experiment, subjects are not told which of the treatment conditions they are in; a procedure used to control demand characteristics.

Front 9

Darla videotaped instructions for subjects to ensure that all subjects in each condition receive the same information. This illustrates the control procedure of

Back 9

Darla videotaped instructions for subjects to ensure that all subjects in each condition receive the same information. This illustrates the control procedure of constancy of conditions. Constancy of conditions is a control procedure used to avoid confounding; keeping all aspects of the treatment conditions identical except for the independent variable that is being manipulated.

Front 10

Tim prevented noise from distracting his subjects by testing them in a soundproof room. This illustrates the control technique called

Back 10

Tim prevented noise from distracting his subjects by testing them in a soundproof room. This illustrates the control technique called elimination. Elimination is a technique to control extraneous variables by removing them from an experiment.

Front 11

In single-blind experiments,

Back 11

In single-blind experiments, subjects do not know which treatment they are receiving. A single-blind experiment is an experiment in which subjects are not told which of the treatment conditions they are in; a procedure used to control demand characteristics.

Front 12

Placebo effects in drug trials are due to

Back 12

Placebo effects in drug trials are due to demand characteristics. A placebo effect is the result of giving subjects a pill, injection, or other treatment that actually contains none of the independent variable; the treatment elicits a change in subjects' behavior simply because subjects expect an effect to occur.

Front 13

Kenny ran all treatment conditions during the evening to control for the effect of time of day. Which control technique did he use?

Back 13

Kenny ran all treatment conditions during the evening to control for the effect of time of day. He used the technique of constancy of conditions. Constancy of conditions is a control procedure used to avoid confounding; keeping all aspects of the treatment conditions identical except for the independent variable that is being manipulated.

Front 14

A swimming instructor, who was told his athletes had outstanding motor coordination and the potential to become excellent swimmers, coached them so well that they became excellent swimmers even though their motor skills were really about average. These results illustrate

Back 14

These results illustrate the Rosenthal effect. The Rosenthal effect is the phenomenon of experimenters treating subjects differently depending on what they expect from the subjects; also called the Pygmalion effect.

Front 15

Experimenters generally want subjects to be as naive as possible concerning the experimental hypothesis to reduce confounding by

Back 15

Experimenters generally want subjects to be as naive as possible concerning the experimental hypothesis to reduce confounding by demand characteristics. Demand characteristics are the aspects of the experimental situation itself that demand or elicit particular behaviors; can lead to distorted data by compelling subjects to produce responses that conform to what subjects believe is expected of them in the experiment.

Front 16

_______ is a form of confounding due to an experimenter providing implicit or explicit cues to subjects to respond in a particular way.

Back 16

Experimenter bias is a form of confounding due to an experimenter providing implicit or explicit cues to subjects to respond in a particular way.

Front 17

Experimenters remove potentially confounding extraneous variables when they employ

Back 17

Experimenters remove potentially confounding extraneous variables when they employ elimination. Elimination is a technique to control extraneous variables by removing them from an experiment.

Front 18

In a double-blind experiment,

Back 18

In a double-blind experiment, neither the subjects nor the experimenter know which treatment the subjects are receiving.

Front 19

Based on positive correlations between the length of women's skirts and the Gross National Product, several economists have claimed that skirt length can be used to measure the health of the economy. This measure would seem to lack

Back 19

This measure would seem to lack face validity. Face validity is the degree to which a manipulation or measurement technique is self-evident.