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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gonads
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Primary sex organs
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Ovaries
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Female primary sex organs
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Testes
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Male primary sex organs
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Produce gametes
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What are the functions of the primary sex organs?
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Oocytes
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Female gametes
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Spermatazoa
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Male gametes
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Estrogen and progesterone
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The female sex hormones
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Testosterone
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The male sex hormones
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Have accessory reproductive organs.
Females- ducts that carry gametes to site of fertilization Males- have ducts that carry gametes to the outside of the body. Are primarily non-functional and dormant until puberty. |
What are the similitaries between the female and male reproductive systems?
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Hypothalamus
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Where is gonadotropin-releasing hormone produced (GnRH)?
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Anterior Pituitary
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Where is Follicle Stimulating Hormone produced (FSH)?
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Anterior Pituitary
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Where is Luteinizing Hormone (LH) produced?
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Gonads
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Where are the sex hormones produced?
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GnRH>FSH & LH> Sex Hormones
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What is the process of reproductive hormones?
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Perineum
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Diamond-shaped region between the thighs.
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Pubic Symphysis
Ischeal tuberosities Coccyx |
What are the boundaries of the perineum?
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Female
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What is the reproductive system homologue default?
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Urogenital triangle
Anal triangle |
Horizontal lines extending between the ischeal tuberosities diving the perineum into two triangles.
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Vesicouterine pouch
Rectouterine pouch |
Two dead-end recesses or pouches that are formed from peritoneal folds around the various pelvic organs.
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Uterine Tubes
Uterus Vagina Clitoris |
Female Accessory sex organs
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Ovaries
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Paired, oval organs, slightly larger than an almond, that is anchored within the pelvic cavity by several folds of peritoneum.
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Mesovarium
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Double fold of peritoneum that attaches to the ovary at its hilum and secures each ovary to the broad ligament.
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Broad Ligament
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A drape of peritoneum that hangs over the uterus
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Suspensory Ligament
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Attaches on the lateral edge of each ovary to the pelvic wall.
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Ovarian Ligament
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Attaches the medial edge of each ovary to the body of the uterus
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Germinal Epithelium
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Structure of the ovary that surrounds the ovary.
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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What type of tissue is the germinal epithelium made of?
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Tunica Albuginea (female)
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Connective tissue capsule that is deep to the germinal epithelium.
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Ovarian Cortex
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Structure that contains the ovarian follicules
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Ovarian Medulla
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Ovarian structure that contains connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves.
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Ovarian Follicles
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Located within the cortex of the ovary, that consist of an oocyte surrounded by follicle cells
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Primordial follicle
Primary follicle Secondary follicle Vesicular follicle |
Types of follicles
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Corpus Luteum
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What structure secretes progesterone?
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Corpus Albicans
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A white connective scar tissue that forms when the corpus luteum regresses.
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Oogonia
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Primordial oocyte
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Diploid
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Is the primary oocyte haploid or diploid?
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Haploid
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Is the secondary oocyte haploid or diploid?
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Follicle
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Structure that houses the oocyte
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Primordial Follicle
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Most primative type of follicle that consists of a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells.
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Primary Follicle
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Consists of a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal cells.
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Secondary Follicle
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Contains a primary oocyte, many layers of follicle cells and a fluid-filled space.
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Antrum
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A space that contains serous fluid that increases volume as time to ovulation nears.
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Vesicular/Graafian Follicle
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A Mature Follicle
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Vesicular/Graafian Follicle
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Contains a secondary oocyte that is surrounded by the zona pellucida, the corona radiata, an enlarged antrum and many layers of follicle cells.
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Zona Pellucida
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Layer of glycoproteins surrounding the plasma membrane in a mature follicle.
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Corona Radiata
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Layer of follicular cells that surround the secondary oocyte.
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Following the rupture of the vesicular follicle and the expulsion of the oocyte (ovulation), the remnants of the follicle become the corpus luteum.
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How is the corpus luteum formed?
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Secreting progesterone and estrogen
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What is the function of the corpus luteum?
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To stimulate the growth of the uterine endometrium
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What do progesterone and estrogen do?
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Oogenesis
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Maturation of the primary oocyte to a secondary oocyte.
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Begins in the female fetus when primary oocytes develop in primordial follicles
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When does oogenesis begin?
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Ovary and follicles remain inactive
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What happens during childhood with regards to oogenesis?
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Select number of primordial follicles undergo maturation each month.
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What happens during puberty with regards to oogenesis?
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Follicular phase
Ovulation Luteal phase |
Phases of the ovarian cycle
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Follicular Phase
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Follicles begin to grow
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Day 1 to Day 13
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How many days of the follicular phase?
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FSH
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What hormone stimulates the follicles to grow?
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Primordial>Primary>Secondary follicles> Vesicular Follicle
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What are the stages of follicle maturation?
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Day 1 to Days 5-7
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When in the ovarian cycle does menstruation occur?
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Day 14
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What day does ovulation begin?
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Ovulation
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Part of the ovarian cycle where the follicle ruptures releasing the oocyte
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Follicle ruptures releasing the oocyte
Oocyte enters the uterine tube under the influence of LH |
What happens during ovulation?
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Days 15-28
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When is the luteal phase in the ovarian cycle?
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Corpus luteum secretes progesterone
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What happens during the luteal phase?
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12-24 hrs.
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How long can an egg live in a woman?
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5 days after intercourse
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How long can sperm live in women?
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Anywhere from 3 days before ovulation until 2-3 days after ovulation.
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When is pregnancy most likely to occur?
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No
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Can the exact time of ovulation be predicted?
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3 days to travel the length of the uterine tube and reach the lumen of the uterus.
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How long and what is the travel path of the pre-embryo along the uterine tubes?
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Uterine Tubes
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Extend laterally from both sides of the uterus.
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The lateral part of the uterine tube
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Where is the secondary oocyte usually fertilized?
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Mesoalpinx
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Covers the uterine tubes (part of the broad ligament).
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Infundibulum
Ambulla Isthmus Uterine Part (Uterotubual Junction) |
Regions of the uterine tube.
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Mucosa
Muscularis Serosa |
Layers of the wall of he uterine tubes.
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Ciliated Columnar Epithelial Cells
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What type of cells are the mucosa of the wall of the uterine tubes made of?
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Uterus
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Pear-shaped, thick-walled muscular organ within the pelvic cavity
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Superolaterally-the uterine tubes
Inferior- the vagina |
How is the lumen of the uterus continuous?
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Anterverted Uterus
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Uterus that is angled anterosuperiorly across the superior surface of the urinary bladder.
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Retroverted Uterus
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Uterus is positioned posterosuperiorly
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Fundus
Body Isthmus Cervix |
Regions of the uterus
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Cervix
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Inferior portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina
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Internal os
Cervical canal External os |
Regions of the uterus
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Pelvic diaphragm
Urogenital diaphragm The round ligaments The transverse cervical ligaments The uterosacral ligaments |
Structures that support the uterus
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Site of implantation
Supports and protects the developing embryo to a fetus Ejects the fetus during labor Sloughing off of the endometrium during menstruation |
What are the functions of the uterus?
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Pelvic Diaphragm
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Levator ani
Coccegeous |
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Pelvic Diaphragm
Urogenital Diaphragm |
What are the muscles of the pelvic floor that support the uterus?
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Branches from the internal iliac aa.
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Where do the uterine aa. branch from?
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Uterine aa.
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What supplies blood to the uterus?
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Perimetrium
Myometrium Endometrium |
The layers of the wall of the uterus
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Perimetrium
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Outermost layer of the wall of the uterus
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Myometrium
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Thick layer of smooth muscle in the wall of the uterus
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
Mucosa |
What types of cells make up the endometrium and what does the endometrium possess?
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Basal Layer
Functional Layer |
What are the layers of the endometrium
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Basal Layer/Stratum basalis
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Deeper layer of the endometrium
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Myometrium
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What is the stratum basalis immediatiely adjacent to?
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It is the permanent layer which undergoes little change during the uterine cycle
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What is the function of the basal layer of the endometrium?
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Functional Layer/Stratum functionalis
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Layer of endometrium that changes thickness during the uterine cycle and is shed as menses.
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Estrogen and progesterone secteted by the ovary
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What is the uterine cycle under the influence of?
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Menstural Phase
Proliferative Phase Secretory Phase |
Phases of the uterine cycle
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Menstrual Phase
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Uterine cycle phase where Sloughing of the functional layer of the endometrium occurs
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Days 1-5
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When does the menstrual phase begin in the uterine cycle?
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Proliferative Phase
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Uterine cycle phase where the initial development of the functional layer of the endometrium.
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Days 1-5 to 7
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When does the menstural phase occur in the uterine cycle?
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Secretory Phase.
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Uterine phase where there is increased sectetion of progesterone from the corpus luteum.
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Days 15-28
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When does the secretory phase occur in te uterine cycle?
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Results in increased vascularization and development of uterine glands
Prepares the endometrial lining for fertilized egg |
What happens when progestrone is secreted from the corpus luteum in the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
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Vagina
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A fibromuscular tube that connects the uterus to the outside of the body
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Mucosa
Muscularis Adventitia |
Tunics of the vagina
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Membranous barrier of the vagina that is broken during penetration
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Hymen
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human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels.
They are produced in the placenta |
What do pregnancy tests test for?
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Testosterone
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What do the testes secrete?
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Penis
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Male organ of copulation
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Scrotum
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Skin-covered sac that is homologous to the labia majora in the female
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Provides the testes with a cooler environment that body temperature
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What is the function of the scrotum?
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Raphe
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the ridgelike seam at the midline of the scrotum that separates the two scrotal sacs
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Dartos Muscle
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A layer of smooth muscle that is part of the wall of the scrotum
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Thermal regulation
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What is the function of the dartos muscle
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Testicular a.
Pampiniform plexus Cremaster muscle and fascia Autonomic nerves |
Structures of the spermatic cord
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Abdominal aorta
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Where does the testicular aa. branch from?
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Cools the warm blood from the testicular aa. before reaching the scrotum
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What is the function of the pampiniform plexus?
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Production of sperm
Production and secretion of androgens |
What is the function of the testies?
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Testicular Tortion
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Disorder where the spermatic cord is twisted and cuts off the blood supply to the testes.
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Tunica vaginalis
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Serous membrane that covers each testes anteriorly and laterally
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Parietal Layer-Outer
Visceral Layer- Inner |
Layers of the tunica vaginalis
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Tunica albuginea
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Whitish fibrous capsule covering the testes, that is located just deep to the visceral layer and in contact with the testes.
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Mediastinum testis
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The projection of the tunica albuginea into the interior of the testis, through which blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and some nerves enter and leave the testis.
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Septa
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The internal projection of the tunica albuginea
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Lobules
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Forms from the subdivision of the septa.
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Four convoluted seminiferous tubules
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What does each lobule contain?
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Continuously produces sperm beginning at puberty
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What is the function of the seminiferous tubules?
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Sertoli Cells
Germ Cells |
The types of cells in the seminiferous tubules?
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Sertoli Cells
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Non-dividing support cells which assist with sperm development
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Nurtures and supports germ cells
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What do sertoli cells do?
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They are connected to each other by tight junctions and form the blood-testes barrier
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How are sertoli cells arrainged and what do they form?
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Germ Cells
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Spermatozoa at different stages of development
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Interstitial Spaces
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Spaces external to and in between seminiferous tubules
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Leydig Cells
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Interstitial cells that produce androgens
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Rete Testis
Efferent Tubules Epididymis Ductus Deferens Ejaculatory Duct Urethra |
The ducts in the male reproductive system begining from the testes and extending through the penis
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Male Urethra
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Transports semen from both ejaculatory ducts to the outside of the body
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Prostatic Urethra
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Extends through the prostate gland
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Membranous Urethra
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Urethra part that travels through the urogenital diaphragm
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Spongy Urethra
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Urethra part that extends through the penis.
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Seminal Vesicles
Prostate Gland Bulbourethral Glands |
The glands that secrete seminal plasma.
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Semen
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Seminal fluid combined with sperm from the testes
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Root of the penis
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Internal attach portion of the penis that forms both the bulb and crus of the penis
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The root
The body The glans |
The sections of the penis
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Corpora cavernosa
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Paired erectile body that are located dorsolaterally of the penis and terminate at the distal shaft of the penis
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Corpus spongiosum
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A single erectile body
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Emission
Ejaculation |
Phases of ejaculation
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When venous spaces fill with blood from a central artery, and it is innervated parasympathetically
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What happens during an erection and how is it innervated?
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