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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define 'Cognitive' : |
Language that conveys factual information |
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Define 'Non-cognitive' : |
Language that is inappropriate to ask whether it is factual or not |
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Give 3 examples of Non-cognitive language |
Emotive, Ethical, Giving orders |
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What is a Synthetic Proposition? |
A statement dependent on evidence |
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What is an Analytic Proposition? |
A statement true by definition - self evident |
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What are the two types of meaningful language according to VP? |
Synthetic and Analytic |
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Who is the person for the Verification Principle? |
AJ Ayer |
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What is the Verification Principle in a nutshell? |
Meaning of a statement is its method of verification (Practice/Principle) |
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Give an example for Verification Principle: |
"My car is on the road outside my house" can be verified by going outside the house and checking |
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How is a statement verified according to the VP? |
Sense experience |
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Verification Principle in relation to Religious Language: |
Religious statements cannot be verified in Principle or Practice, they are neither true or false and are therefore meaningless |
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When is a statement meaningless? |
When it fails to say anything meaningful about the world |
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VP is a straight forward argument based on sense experience BUT... |
It dismisses art, music etc - things that give humans meaning |
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VP is in line with science BUT... |
Science deals with unobservable entities so VP should dismiss science |
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Verification in Principle is a good alternative way to Practice BUT... |
Some would argue that Religious statements can be verified in Principle |
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Who is the person for the Falsification Principle? |
Popper |
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What is the Falsification Principle in a nutshell? |
A statement is only meaningful if it can be falsified |
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Give an example for the Falsification Principle: |
The Parable of the Gardener |
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Explain the Parable of the Gardener and how it relates to Religious Language: |
The P of G argues that religious beliver will not let anything falsify their beliefs, and like the explorers belief in the gardener, religious beliefs die the death of a thousand qualifications |
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Give an advantage of the Falsification Principle: |
Forces religious believers to explain why religious facts are different from normal facts |
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Give a disadvantage of the Falsification Principle: |
Many religious believers allow the problem of evil to falsify their beliefs, and many lose their faith |
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Who is the person for Eschatological Verification? |
Hick |
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What is Eschatological Verification in a Nutshell? |
Religious language is cognitive because God can be verified Eschatologically |
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Explain the parable of the 'Celestial City' : |
A traveller who is committed to the existence of the Celestial City, but has no evidence, will eventually be directed to that city |
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What is the 'Celestial City' a metaphor for? |
Heaven |
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How does Hick's Replica Theory relate to Eschatological Verification? |
The resurrection of the body is at least logically possible so the believer has grounds for hope |
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Religious language is cognitive because it can be verified Eschatologically BUT... |
If you die and there is no afterlife, then how can you ever falsify it - fails the Falsification Principle |
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What proof do we have of Eschatological Verification? |
Near death experiences |
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Who is the person for 'Language as an expression of Bliks'? |
Hare |
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What is the theory of Bliks in a nutshell? |
Religious Statements are Non-cognitive Bliks |
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What is a Blik? |
Assumptions about the world |
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What is an example for Bliks? |
Parable of the Lunatic - shows Bliks cannot be used in debate |
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What are the 3 types of Bliks? |
Sane, Insane, Religious |
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How is Religious Language related to Bliks? |
Religious Bliks are so powerful that no one can make a Beliver think differently |
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What is Flew's criticism of Bliks? |
Believers really do think their statements are cognitive and not mere assumptions |
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What is an advantage of Bliks? |
It explains why different religions make factual claims, they are only Bliks |
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Who is the person for Language Games? |
Wittgenstein |
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What is Language Games in a nutshell? |
Language has meaning within a particular context, each context governed by its own rules |
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Give an example for Language Games: |
'Knight to D5' is meaningless unless you are saying it in the correct context |
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Language Games in relation to Religious Language: |
Verification and Falsification are scientific terms and are therefore meaningless in the Religious Language game |
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What is God to the Religious LG? |
A word within the religious community to display the creative power within everything |
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What is a strangth of Language Games? |
Allows for Art, Ethical and Historical talk without demanding it comply with science |
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What is a disadvantage of Language Games? |
Does not allow for meaningful debate between science and religion as they are from different LGs |
