Religious Studies

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Four Elements of Religion

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Belief, Bind, Sacred, Ultimate Value

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Belief

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placing one's trust in something understood to be true

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Bind

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binds individuals to a set of values or practices that regulate behavior

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Sacred

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set apart from the ordinary or mundane

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Ultimate Value

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what is our ultimate goal?

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Substantive

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What Religion is
What is it that you believe
beliefs/ideals

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Functional

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What religion does
how religion operates in human life

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Who looks at religion with a Functional Lens?

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Malinowski

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Pulpit

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bible study, hebrew school
matters of blind belief

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Podium

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Academic Study of Religion
Scientific engagement of Religion

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Functional Disciplines

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Theology
Literary Criticism
Historiography
Anthropology
Sociology
Philosophy
Phenomenology

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Theology

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concrned with orthodoxy, creeds, and doctrines

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Literary Criticism

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concerned with sacred texts

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Literary Criticism/ Exegesis

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Extracting out what the other was trying to say

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Literary Criticsm/ Hermeniutic

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Interpretation

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Historiography

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5 W's of larger context

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Anthropology

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Examines humans as representatives of culture

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Sociology

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examines social behavior in modern societies

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Philosophy

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epistomology = way of knowing

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phenomenology

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explaining religious experience while retaining judgement

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Definition of Sacred

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a reality that is wholly different from natural realities

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Definition of Profane

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that which is homogenous and neutral. the everyday and ordinary

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Who Eliades talked about

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Archaic Societies

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Mysterium Tremendum

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awe-inspiring mystery

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mysterium fascinans

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fascinating mystery/ frightening

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Hierophany

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something sacred shows itself

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Theophany

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God in another form/ in the flesh

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Axis Mundi

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Center of the World
Navel of the Earth

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Representational Symbols

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Tie together things that are distinct in a customary way within a cultural context

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Presentational Symbols

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Similar to the things they symbolize

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First Order Religious Discourse

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Analogy, Parable, Myth

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Analogy

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a genuine relationship between the symbol and that which it points

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Parable

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an extended metaphor in the form of a narrative

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Myth

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a complex of stories that bind communities together.

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Imago Mundi

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Image of the World

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How do myths function?

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they justify societal structure and establish the cosmos

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Second Form Religious Discourse

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doctrines, dogmas, and creeds

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Definition of Ritual

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an agreed-on and formalized pattern of ceremonial movements and verbal expressions carried out in a sacred context

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Two kinds of rituals

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Life cycle Ritual and Seasonal ritual

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3 Stages of life cycle ritual

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Separation - liminal
Transition
Reincorporation

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propitiation

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make efforts to appease spirits

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What does Otto focus on?

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Focuses on the affective, or the emotional and feeling

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What does Freud and Marx focus on?

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why or how religion came into being. reduces religion to a psychological or socioeconomic factor.

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genetic fallacy

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the confusion of the value of of religion with an explanation of its origin

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cosmology

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characterization of the cosmos

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What are Thomas O'Dea's three fundamental features of human existence?

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uncertainty, powerlessness, and scarcity

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self-transcendence

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self-consciousness

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ethnocentric

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assumption that one's own race is superior to others

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evangelical

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christians who place importance on the personal conversion rather than baptism

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primal

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preliterate human societies

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proselytize

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to try and convert someone to another religion

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Emile Durkheim

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turned the interest of anthropologist to the social functions of religion

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Max Weber

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demonstrated that forms of social life deeply reflect the decisive influence of religious belief

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What is Freud's theory of religious belief and experience?

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"as born of man's need to make his helplessness tolerable"

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extrinsic

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find religion useful: provides solace, sociability, and social status

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intrinsic

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"master motive"/ live out their religion

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fideism

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reliance on faith alone w/o scientific analysis

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agnosticism

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no proof that God exists or does not exist

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Descriptive Reduction

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a failure to identify and emotion, practice, or experience

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Explanatory Reduction

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an explanation of an experience in terms that are not those of the subject and might not meet with his approval

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animism

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all things possess a spirit

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totemism

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Indian practice of associating human classes with animals

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numinous

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characterized by a sense of the supernatural

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expiation

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a sacrifice in order to remove pollution or sin

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ontological

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the branch of philosophy that investigates the nature of being

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cosmogony

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deals with sacred history

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mandala

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buddhist circle inscribed within a square representing perfection

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mudras

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buddhist religious gestures

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mantras

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religious sounds, like chanting

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eschatological

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understanding of life in terms of the goal or destiny

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metaphor

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a form of symbolic communication

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anomie

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chaos

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doctrines

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a rule or principle/ dogma

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communitas

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spontaneous bond of communion between members of a society

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tonsure

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the cutting of hair to denote admission to a religious order. a monk

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atonement

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to make amends

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eucharist

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the last sacrament of Jesus Christ: bread and wine

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cosmogony

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an account of the emergence or creation of world order

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etiological

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the description of the cause of a thing

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Types of Cosmogony

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1. Emergence from a Primal substance
2. The sexual Union of a Primal Male and Female
3. Creation by Conflict and the Ordering of Chaos
4. Creation by a Divine Craftsman
5. Creation by decree

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anthropic principle

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the recognition of the extraordinary fine-tuning of the universe