Religion Ethics And Morals Review

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Ethics

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A discipline that deals with the nature of the good, the nature of the human person, and criteria that we use for making right judgements

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Morality

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A system of right conduct based on fundamental beliefs and obligation to follow certain codes, norms, customs, and habits of behaviour

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Obligation

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What one is bound by duty or contract to do

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Responsibility

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Being morally accountable for one's actions; responsibility presumes knowledge, freedom, and the ability to choose and to act

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Revelation

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The ways that God makes Himself known to humankind. God is fully revealed in Jesus Christ. The sacred Scriptures, proclaimed within the Church, are the revealed Word of God. God also reveals Self through people and indeed through all of creation

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Agent

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One who acts, who has the capacity to initiate a course of actions/events. A person to whom we ascribe actions. One who is responsible for his or her actions

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Action

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The realization of the power of human freedom when we engage the capacities of our freedom, we change the world around us

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Determinism

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A point of view that holds that human behavior is a product, not of free will, but of a complex array of physical, social, cultural, psychological, and historical causes

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Intention

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That which motivates me to act-values. The reason for doing something that appears, at least to me, as a good

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Freedom

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The human capacity to choose and to act. I am free because I have possibilities and capacities to act on these probabilities

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Predestination

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The view that my behavior is predetermined, whether by God or by other causes

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Responsibility

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The conviction that a person is the agent of his or her actions. This presupposes freedom, knowledge, and capability, As seen through the application of the conceptual framework of action, circumstances can mitigate the degree of a person's responsibility in any given action

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Infinite

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Boundless, endless, in mathematics, the infinite refers to something that cannot be counted; greater than any assignable quantity; in philosophy and theology, the good is infinite. It cannot be confined or measured by a definable quantity. Ethics aims at this infinite good

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Teleological

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Having to do with the design or purpose of something. For example, a house is built to live in, a clock made to keep time. But what of the "end" to which we as human beings aspire? Try thinking of this end not as an end point, but as completion, as fullness

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Teleological Thinking

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Seeking to understand the ultimate goal, purpose or end of something. Teleology derives from the Greek root telos, meaning goal, purpose or end, and logos, meaning study. For example, adolescence is a stage of development on the way to mature adulthood

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Empiricism

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A theory that says that knowledge comes from experience, or from evidence that can be perceived by the senses

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Subjective

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Relating to a person's own perception and understanding of reality; arising from the individual's own mind, feelings, perceptions

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Objective

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Relating to a sensible experience that is independent of any one individual's thought, and that can be perceived by others

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Duty

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The necessity of acting from respect for the moral law

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Objective

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recognition and acceptance of the fact that sensory experience represents reality, facts, data that are outside the self. These exist independently from individual thought and are perceptible by all observers.

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Verb

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A word used in a sentence to express an action, state of being, or occurance

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Aggravate

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Make worse

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Mitigate

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Make less severe

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Ethics

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The search for the infinite good, having to do with good character, deals with the Good that humans aim for

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Morality

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Translating the search for the good into the way we conduct ourselves in our daily lives; deals with the way humans attain that good

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Ethics vs Morality

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Ethics guides morality; gives vision to our actions; ethics gives us the foundational principals underlying our moral actions

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Examples of Ethical Guidelines

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Moses and the Commandments, Jesus and the Beautitudes

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4 Types of Ethical Experience

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Personal Response, Face to Face with the Other, Obligation, Contrast

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Personal Response

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A scream for help; automatic response to help

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Face to Face with the Other

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The feeling of responsibility we have to the other; the other's face takes you hostage and elicits a response from you (guilt)

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Obligation

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Duty to follow things ingrained in you as a young child. Follow your parents, "I have to..."; choosing to ignore this makes you restless

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Contrast

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Occurs when you feel outraged by something blatantly unjust or unfair

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3 Philosophers studied

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Aristotle, Kant, Levinas

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Aristotle

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A person will find happiness in community; to be happy is to succeed in living and acting well; greatest gift is our intelligence and our ability to be rational; teleological ethics: discovering the finality of what we are intended to be; seeking to understand the ultimate goal, purpose or end of something

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Immanuel Kant

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To do what is right is to follow one's duty; Deontological ethics; what is my duty? moral acts are performed out of duty; real worth is measured by the motives behind actions

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Emmanuel Levinas

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Relational ethics; starting with the other, not with ourselves; face to face with the other calls me to be ethical; should look out for neighbor; God's indirect touch

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Lawrence Kohlberg's 6 stages of moral responsibility

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Pre Conventional Morality (childhood)

Personal Usefulness (Me First)

Conventional Morality (Adolescence)

Law and Order (It is my Duty)

Post Conventional: Adult: Social Contract; Personal Conscience

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Stage 1: Childhood - Punishment and Obedience

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The physical consequence determines the goodness or badness of an act

Avoidance of punishment is key

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Stage 2: Me First; Personal Usefulness

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What is right is that which satisfies one's own needs; The needs of others are considered only if they affect my own needs

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Stage 3: Adolescent: Conforming to the will of the group (peer pressure)

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Good behavior is that which pleases and gets approval from the group; conforms to standard ideas of appropriate behaviors

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Stage 4: Adolescent: Law and Order

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One sees obedience to rules as necessary to maintain order; right behavior consists of doing one's duty and respecting authority; legally right= morally right

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Part 5: Adult: Social Contract- What society stands for

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Right action is described in terms of general values that have been agreed on by society (constitution)

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Stage 6: Adult: Conscience

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Right is the decision of personal conscience; decisions are based upon universal justice, equality, and dignity; Willing to risk punishment for what is right, willing to accept disapproval from others; Ie Jesus, Gandhi

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With freedom comes responsibility

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Our freedom has the capacity to turn away from God, ourselves and others (sin); freedom therefore involves the core of human existence; freedom can go contrary to its own source thus destroy itself-freedom's reach is infinite

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What do philosophers say about freedom?

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they say that there is no such thing as freedom; no scientific evidence for it; everything can be explained by physical or biological processes; everything has a physical cause and a human agent just happens to be a more complex physical cause; naturalism

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Naturalism

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Understands the material universe as a unified system; everything is shaped completely by physical, biological, psychological, social, and environmental processes

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Naturalism Continued

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As part of the evolutionary process, humans are no more than a part of the material universe; everything is part of a chain of being connected by cause and effect; science reigns supreme; everything must be proven true with concrete evidence; freedom is an illusion because actions are not free-are the result of brain processes

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Naturalism denies human freedom

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It maintains that your promises and commitments do not come from motives or intentions but from a genetic disposition; denies the possibility of ethics and morality; can't be responsible for actions you can't control

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Pre-destination

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God's knowledge and will have predetermined the course of the world, and all of human actions

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Providence

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God's influence upon actions and events

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Social determinism

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Your actions can be explained by what you have undergone at the hands of others

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St. Augustine

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connected free will to grade; use free will to do good