Rel100 Mod 2 Hinduism

Front 1

Hinduism

Back 1

A composite of beliefs and practices associated with the many different tribal and ethnic groups that occupied and moved through that geographical area.

Front 2

"Those who live in the Indus River valley"

Back 2

"Hindu" was originally a Persian term meaning...

Front 3

Hinduism started as "Vedic religion" which was originally committed to writing between 1500 and 900 BCE. Before that they were passed down orally perhaps for thousands of years.

Back 3

How old is Hinduism?

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Santana Dharma

Back 4

External sacred duty is aka...

Front 5

These are the seven features The Indian Supreme Court believed characterize Hinduism.

Back 5

- acceptance and reverence for the Vedas

- a spirit of tolerance

- belief in vast cosmic periods of creation and destruction

- belief in reincarnation

- recognition of multiple paths to salvation and truth

- polytheism and

-philosophical flexibility (no single dogma)

Front 6

Pakistan and India

Back 6

In 1947 India was split into _____ & ______ to resolve religious conflict between Muslims and Hindus.

Front 7

India

Back 7

The majority of Hindus today live in...

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Sanskrit

Back 8

The language which the earliest Hindu scriptures are written is an Indo-European language. This language is a member of the same family of languages as Greek Latin English Spanish Persian and many other languages spoken to the North and West of India.

Front 9

European

Back 9

Many Europeans use the "Aryan invasion theory" to argue that in Indian culture and religion was originally...

Front 10

"Aryan invasion theory"

Back 10

There is clear evidence that languages spread from one place to another though it is unknown whether they move to via military conquest or more benign migrations or trade relations with other cultures.

Front 11

Priest,

warrior or noble,

merchant, craftsman or farmer,

or peasant

Back 11

The cast system consisted of four major casts or Varna:

- Brahmin aka _______

- Kshatriya aka _______

- Vaishya aka _______

- Shudra aka _______

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The untouchables later known as "harijan" by Gandhi or "dalit" meaning "oppressed peoples"

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Outside the four major cast was a group of people considered to be completely beneath the caste system although they made up a quarter of the Indian population:

Front 13

Vedic

Back 13

The earliest forms of Hinduism are often called...

Front 14

Synchronism

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The name Dyaus Pitr is related to the Greek Zeus and the Roman Jupiter indicating some contact between these cultures in early times whose languages are after all related. This is probably caused by...

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Agni

Back 15

This God was known as the God of fire which in English means ignite. He acted as the primary intermediary between this world and the heavens taking the smoke from the fire sacrifices up to the other gods.

Front 16

Some

Back 16

Known as the God of altered states of consciousness, Link with the Moon the waters and bliss. This name was also The Sanskrit term for psychedelic drug consumed by other gods in the Vedic Pantheon (especially Indra).

Front 17

Rig, Yajur ("ceremonial knowledge"), Sama ("chant knowledge"), and Atharva ("knowledge from Atharva," a well-known teacher")

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The original for Vedas include:

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Rig Veda

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_______ ________ is the most important of the Vedas. It provides detailed instructions for the Vedic fire rituals and contains an account of the creation of the world from the body of superprison named Purusha.

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Brahmanas; Aranyakas ("the first books") & Upanishads

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The __________ we're mainly an elaboration of instructions regarding rituals that were contained in the earlier Vedas, buy _________ & _________ heralded new developments within Hinduism.

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Fire rituals

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_______ _________ were used to by the earliest Hindus to communicate with the gods

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Buddhism

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The change in Hinduism heralded by Upanishads occurred partly in relation to the emergence of another religion on the Indian subcontinent:

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Spiritual perfection

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Buddhism was single-mindedly devoted to the goal of...

Front 23

Life in this world necessarily entails suffering.

Back 23

Much of Hindu philosophy tended to adopt the same fundamental attitude taken by Buddhist philosophy which was...

Front 24

The Ramayana

Back 24

The first Hindu epic recounts the legends of a royal and military hero Rama, and his wife, Sita. This epic conforms more closely to the world affirming attitude of verdict religion portraying Rama as an exemplary ruler in his determination to do his duty and keep his word.

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The Mahabharata

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The second epic tells of the conflict between two competing clans in northern India. Like the ramayana is very concerned with human events but it takes a more aesthetic world denying view. It's heroes struggle and suffer with tragic inevitabilities.

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Tantrism

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Stressed the radical oneness of human and divine worlds and self-consciously used the physical to obtain the spiritual. they showed an increasing preoccupation with the worship of goddesses as opposed to gods, a movement that became extremely important in the Medieval Period.

Front 27

19th

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The Mughal empire world large parts of India between the 16th and _____ centuries CE.

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Duty; world-affirming

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Dharma

Front 29

Liberation from reincarnation; world-denying

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Moksha

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Brahman

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"the divine reality at the heart of things" there are no words to capture it's true nature

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Is of the same basic substance.

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Western ideas of God show a being who is separate from and infinitely more powerful than people and who interacts with them. Brahman is more like a name for the central mystical inside that everything in the universe...

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Atman

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You can find ramen in any individual person in the form of ________, the soul.

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Jiva

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In addition to Atman each person has an individual soil that is theirs alone. This is called ________.

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Maya

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A flower is not a rock and a rock is not a flower. This accounts for the tremendous multiplicity of the world.

Front 35

Stuffness; illusion

Back 35

If Brahman is the pure divine reality behind all things Maya is the _________ of the universe, the material from which the world is built. Negativity, Maya is seen as _________.

Front 36

Karma

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The law of cause and effect. This is not a matter of divine judgment it is simply the way the universe works.

Front 37

Reincarnation

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The belief that individuals die and leave one's body only to be reborn again into another body and another life. This is an integral element of Hindu philosophy in the Hindu worldview. It was dimly present in the Vedas but fleshed out in the Upanishads.

Front 38

Atman

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________ is immune to the effects of karma.

Front 39

A animal or a demigod

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A human can be reborn as an ___________ (if their karma has been bad) or a ________ ( if their karma has been good) if their karma has been good.

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Samsara

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Reincarnation is also considered unattractive because, like the wheel turning in place, reincarnation goes on and on without getting one anywhere. In Hinduism this is called ________, the wheel of birth and rebirth.

Front 41

One becomes competely identified with the infinite within and no longer recognizes oneself as having any independent existence.

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What is the goal of hinduism?

Front 42

Knowledge

Selfless action

Devotion

Meditation

Postures

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These are the 5 major types of yoga:

- Jnana aka ________

- Karma aka ________

- Bhakti aka ________

- Raja aka ________

- Hatha aka ________

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Jnana

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________ yoga is the yoga that seeks moksha through knowledge.

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Karma

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________ yoga seek liberation through the selfless performance of worldly duty.

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Bhagavad-Gita

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The principle of karma yoga is mostly clearly laid out in the ____________.

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Bhakti

Back 46

____________ yoga is the yoga of devotion. Just as one may lose all though of self when deeply in love, one can lose all though of self through devotion to a particular god or goddess.

Front 47

Mirabai

Back 47

____________ is a good example of a person who's famed for her practice of bhakti yoga.

Front 48

Eight

Back 48

The ____________ limbs of raja yoga are:

Self-control,

observance,

posture,

birth control,

restraint,

studying the mind,

meditation,

enlightenment

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Raja

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____________ yoga begins by cultivating moral behavior especially in the form of nonviolence (ahimsa). It then progresses to practices of bodily purification and finally to sitting meditation in the lotus position.

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Concentrate and study the mind until all that is left is the consciousness of Brahman.

Back 50

The aim of meditation is to...

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Hatha

Back 51

____________ yogi is the yoga of physical postures that has become quite popular in the West. This yoga was developed out of the earlier path of raja yoga. At first the only asana, or posture, was full lotus.

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Full lotus

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____________ is an extremely stable position that holds the back and good alignment however it can also leave one stiff and sore.

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Ashramas

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____________ or life stages for upper-caste men include:

Student,

householder,

retiree,

renunciate.

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Patanjali

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Raja yoga or royal yoga was developed in the early centuries of the first millennium CE by a teacher and philosopher named ____________. He also mapped out the practice of raja yoga in his text How to Know God and founded an influential school of Hindu philosophy called Samkhya.

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Brahman and Maya

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Purusha and Prakriti can be likened to ____________ and ____________.

Front 56

"Misperceiving performance in transients"

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Ultimately, Pakriti is unreal, the result of ignorance of faulty observation. It is in Patanjali's words...

Front 57

Both goodness and ignorance can stand between an individual and their liberation from the in the mystery world of matter.

Back 57

Prakriti takes the form of three gunas or qualities of material nature. These are:

- Sattva

- Rajas

- Tamas

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Purusha

Back 58

____________ represents form structure and consciousness. It's compliment is property or matter. This dualism between form and substance is found in many different schools of Hindu philosophy and practice.

Front 59

Prakriti; Purusha

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____________ only exists as a projection of ____________.

Front 60

Vedanta

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____________ is a school of Hindu philosophy that rests on the concepts of Brahman Atman and Maya as described in the Upanishads.

Front 61

Promise of moksha and a single lifetime, bodily practices to unify Purusha and Pakriti, identification of practitioner with a god or goddess, meditation on yantras, repetition of mantras, unconventional and secretive, "shock therapy" techniques.

Back 61

Characteristics of Tantric Hinduism.

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Kundalini yoga

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A form of tendric yoga of the right hand path that uses meditation to raise Kundalini energy located in the base of the spine up through the higher chakras or energy centers of the human body.

Front 63

Shakti

Back 63

Kundalini yoga visualizes the human body as containing a coiled sermon at the base of the spine that represents the individual's ____________ or power.

Front 64

The jiva ceases to exist.

Back 64

When an individual attains moksha or liberation what happens to their jiva or individual soul?

Front 65

Karma carries into one's future lives and determines the station into which one is reborn. If each person has earned their station in life through their own behavior either in this life or previous ones why should we help others to better their lot? To do so would seem to be interfering in the divine work of Karma.

Back 65

Explain the social issue of karma.

Front 66

No longer worshiped

Back 66

New deities are continually added to the Hindu Pantheon while some older deities are _________.

Front 67

1.) Rama's father gives a throne to his younger son, Bharata.

2.) Rama is exiled from his kingdom.

3.) Ravana kidnaps Sita.

4.) Hanuman comes to the aid of Rama and Sita.

Back 67

Explain the chronological sequence the episodes from Rama's life as is described in the Hindu epic, the Ramayana.

Front 68

The Master Yogi, the patron deity of mediators

Back 68

The image of Shiva depicts him as...

Front 69

Ganesh

Back 69

Who was Shiva's son?

Front 70

330,000,000

Back 70

How many deities are there in the Hindu Pantheon?

Front 71

Polytheistic

Back 71

The most important thing to understand about the Hindu Pantheon is that it is...

Front 72

Brahman; Atman

Back 72

Any God or God is can be seen as _________ in the same way that any human can be seen as _________.

Front 73

Single deity

Back 73

There is no _________ at the head of the contemporary Hindu pantheon. Brahman can be best understood as permeating or underlying the Pantheon but Brahman cannot be said to head it up.

Front 74

Trimurti

Back 74

It is traditional to consider three of the historically most prominent gods together forming a _________ with each god responsible for a different function.

Front 75

Together they keep the cycle of the birth, death, and rebirth of the universe operating smoothly.

Back 75

The gods in their trimurti and their functions:

Brahmin (creation)

Vishnu (maintenance)

Shiva (destruction)

Front 76

Brahma

Back 76

_________, the creator God of the universe is sometimes seen as the personal aspect of Brahman. He is represented with four heads to sacrifice the four early Vedas but is rarely seen or worshiped today.

Front 77

Saraswati

Back 77

Brahma's concert or wife, the goddess _________, is far more popular. She is the goddess of knowledge and speech and is usually shown playing a sitar and holding a copy of the Vedas in her hand.

Front 78

Vishnu

Back 78

_________ the maintainer of the univer is usually pictured as a kind and shown with at least four arms to illustrate his multiple divine powers. In one hand he holds a conch shell symbolizing creation, and in another he holds a disc of fire, a weapon symbolizing destruction.

Front 79

Garuda

Back 79

Vishnu is pictured with a vehicle or animal. This animal is an eagle with a bird's head and wings and a human body. His name is _________.

Front 80

Lakshmi

Back 80

Sri or _________ is the consort or wife of Vishnu. She is the goddess of good fortune and prosperity. she's usually shown seated or standing on a lotus flower with a stream of gold coins spelling from one hand.

Front 81

Avatars or incarnations

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Vishnu is worshiped in a variety of forms that are called _________ or _________. each represents a time that Vishnu came to Earth to defeat a mighty demon keeping his promise to protect and sustain the universe.

Front 82

Siddhartha

Back 82

One of his shoes avatars is _________ the Hindu aesthetic who became the Buddha.

Front 83

Kalki

Back 83

_________ is a savior that is said to come on horseback at a time when the world is in great peril. Many religious traditions have a messianic figure similar to him: God who has not yet arrived but will come when he is most needed.

Front 84

Rama and Krishna

Back 84

The two most important avatars of Vishnu are _________ and _________.

Front 85

Hanuman

Back 85

The pivotal event in the Ramayana occurs when the demon Ravana kidnaps Sita. _________, the chief minister of a tribe of monkeys, helps Rama in his efforts to rescue Sita and is himself an important Hindu god.

Front 86

Vedic tradition

Back 86

The _________ consists of studying scripture and performing Vedic fire rituals.

Front 87

Aesetic tradition

Back 87

_________ focuses on seeking mock shot reliberation through various means. though this focuses on personal liberation it also engages in community outreach designed to help others.

Front 88

Popular tradition

Back 88

_________ in Hinduismconsists of all those religious practices that have developed at a grassroots level for example astrology and specialized diets thought to increase health or spiritual power. One can find such practices among Christians too but they are rarely called "Christian."

Front 89

Devotional tradition

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_________ is by far the most popular type of Hinduism among Hindus today it consists of all forms of ritual and worship aimed at honoring the gods and goddesses or seeking aid from them.

Front 90

Devotional practice

Back 90

There are 3 major classes of _________ corresponding to the deities or group of deities worshiped:

Vaishnava (Vishnu)

Shaiva (Shiva)

Shakta (Devi)

Front 91

Vaishnavas

Back 91

_________ are generally vegetarian. Their orientation is toward duty and maintaining tradition.

Front 92

Shaivas

Back 92

_________ are more inclined to worship the union of creation and destruction and indeed of all opposites. They're more likely to engage in aesthetic practices and to meditate.

Front 93

Shaktas

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_________ worship the great goddess as the ultimate divine they are more commonly found in the state of bengal and are less likely to be vegetarian.

Front 94

Puja

Back 94

The Hindu act of worship is called _________.

Front 95

Pilgrimage

Back 95

It is a special act of worship to make a _________ to a particular site for the purpose of puja and darshan

Front 96

Gurus

Back 96

Spiritual teachers; they are sometimes viewed as the living embodiments of the gods and are worshiped in much the same way with offerings and prostration.

Front 97

Not mandatory

Back 97

Temple worship is _________ like in Christian churches,Jewish synagogues, or Islamic mosques.

Front 98

Mudras

Back 98

Indian classical dance realize heavily on the use of hand positions called _________ that communicate particular meanings and emotions.

Front 99

Evangelical religion

Back 99

Hinduism is not traditionally an _________. I like Christianity for example Hinduism has not sent missionaries to foreign countries to seek converts to Hinduism.

Front 100

Swami Vivekananda

Back 100

Particularly over the course of the last century, Hindu gurus and teachers have become popular in Europe and North America. The appearance of _________ at the first World Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1893 heralded the movement of Hinduism to the West. _________ was a charismatic speaker who captured the imagination of many Victorian-era Americans. The Vedanta Society was organized to spread _________ teachings (and those of his guru, Ramakrishna). Vedanta temples sprang up in cities all over North America. Many remain today.

Front 101

Transcendental meditation

Back 101

Maharishi Mehesh Yogi began giving public lectures on a form of meditation he developed called _____________.

Front 102

Yogic flying

Back 102

among other things advanced practitioners of transcendio meditation learn _____________ the ability to become temporarily airborne when in a deep state of meditation.

Front 103

Bhaktivedanta Swami Pabhupada

Back 103

Another Hindu guru to win disciples in the West in the 1960s was _____________________ ______________, the founder of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON). He was a businessman from the Indian state of Bengal whose guru had asked him to “preach Krishna consciousness to the English-speaking world."

Front 104

Hare Krishnas

Back 104

Swami Prabhupada's followers became known as _______ _________ because they often appeared in public with shaving heads wearing the orange robes of renunciates and chanting to Krishna.

Front 105

Between 2000 and 1500 BCE

Back 105

According to the Ariane invasion theory, when did the ariens invade India?

Front 106

Ascetic

Back 106

After the Vedas were completed, Hinduism developed in a more __________ direction.

Front 107

Immigration

Back 107

What mechanism has been most responsible for the spread of Hinduism to countries outside India?

Front 108

Shiva

Back 108

Who is Kali's consort?

Front 109

Kali

Back 109

Which goddess wears a necklace of skulls?

Front 110

To stretch out the body after a long sessions of sitting meditation.

Back 110

Why were the postures of hotha yoga first developed?

Front 111

The Ganges River

Back 111

What springs from Shiva's topknot?

Front 112

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi

Back 112

Who brought Transcendental Meditation to Europe and North America?

Front 113

Because different people require different paths to liberation.

Back 113

Why are there different types of yoga?

Front 114

Lakshmi

Back 114

The goddess of good fortune and prosperity is __________.

Front 115

Is always changing

Back 115

The Hindu Pantheon __________.

Front 116

8th century CE to Pakistan

Back 116

When did Islam first move into the Indian subcontinent

Front 117

Mahabharata

Back 117

The Bhagavad-Gita is contained within what larger text?

Front 118

Rama

Back 118

Who is Sita's husband?

Front 119

Male

Back 119

In Hinduism form and structure are seen as?

Front 120

To communicate with and control the gods

Back 120

What was the purpose of the Vedic fire ritual?

Front 121

"Not two" Vedanta

Back 121

Advaita Vedanta literally means __________.