Real Psych Study Guide 2

Front 1

Sensation

Back 1

the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment

Front 2

transduction

Back 2

the process of transforming physical energy into electrochemical energy (action potential)

Front 3

perception

Back 3

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory input

Front 4

sensory receptors

Back 4

specialized cells that detect/transmit sensory info to the brain

Front 5

psychophysics

Back 5

field that studies link b/w sensation and perception

Front 6

absolute threshold

Back 6

minimum amount of stimulus energy an individual can detect 50% of the time

Front 7

noise

Back 7

irrelevant/competing stimuli

Front 8

difference thresholds

Back 8

JND (just noticeable diff) increases with stimulus magnitude

Front 9

weber's law

Back 9

two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (NOT amount) to be perceived as different

Front 10

Signal detection theory involves...

Back 10

information acquisition/criterion

Front 11

light wavelength

Back 11

distance b/w peaks
perceived as hue

Front 12

amplitude (light)

Back 12

height of wavelengths
perceived as brightness

Front 13

purity (light)

Back 13

mixture of wavelengths
perceived as saturation

Front 14

rods

Back 14

sensitive to light (not color)
function well in low light
humans have approx 120 million rods

Front 15

cones

Back 15

sensitive to color
function best in bright light
approx 6 million

Front 16

fovea

Back 16

visual acuity in retina, tons of cones

Front 17

How does the brain process visual stimuli?

Back 17

processing at retina --> optic nerve --> optic chiasm --> thalamus --> visual cortex in occipital lobe

Front 18

feature detectors

Back 18

highly specialized cells in the visual cortex
sense size shape color & movement

Front 19

Parallel processing

Back 19

"what" pathway = temporal
"where" pathway = parietal

Front 20

fovea

Back 20

visual acuity in retina, tons of cones

Front 21

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory

Back 21

red, blue, green cones (receptors)

Front 22

How does the brain process visual stimuli?

Back 22

processing at retina --> optic nerve --> optic chiasm --> thalamus --> visual cortex in occipital lobe

Front 23

hering's opponent-process theory

Back 23

three different receptors:
blue-yellow, green-red, black-white

Front 24

feature detectors

Back 24

highly specialized cells in the visual cortex
sense size shape color & movement

Front 25

process of perception

Back 25

1. stimulus received by sensory receptors
2. receptors translate stimulus properties into nerve impulses (transduction)
3. feature detectors analyze stimulus features
4. stimulus features are reconstructed into neural representation
5. neural represenation is compared with previously stored info
6. matching process = recognition/interpretation of stimulus

Front 26

Parallel processing

Back 26

"what" pathway = temporal
"where" pathway = parietal

Front 27

Gestalt principles of perceptual organization

Back 27

whole is greater than sum of its parts

Front 28

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory

Back 28

red, blue, green cones (receptors)

Front 29

figure-ground relations

what fucks with this?

Back 29

subject/background

vase/2 men illustration

Front 30

hering's opponent-process theory

Back 30

three different receptors:
blue-yellow, green-red, black-white

Front 31

4 gestalt perceptual laws

Back 31

1. similarity
2. proximity
3. continuity
4. closure

Front 32

process of perception

Back 32

1. stimulus received by sensory receptors
2. receptors translate stimulus properties into nerve impulses (transduction)
3. feature detectors analyze stimulus features
4. stimulus features are reconstructed into neural representation
5. neural represenation is compared with previously stored info
6. matching process = recognition/interpretation of stimulus

Front 33

Gestalt principles of perceptual organization

Back 33

whole is greater than sum of its parts

Front 34

figure-ground relations

what fucks with this?

Back 34

subject/background

vase/2 men illustration

Front 35

4 gestalt perceptual laws

Back 35

1. similarity
2. proximity
3. continuity
4. closure

Front 36

binocular cues

Back 36

combo of images from left and right eyes

Front 37

monocular depth cues

Back 37

1. linear perspective
2. relative size
3. height in horizontal plane
4,5. texture and clarity
6. interposition
7. light and shadow

Front 38

main receptor classes

Back 38

photoreception
mechanoreception - pressure, movement (touch)
chemoreception -chemical stimuli (smell and taste)

Front 39

most common type of synesthesia

Back 39

lexical/grapheme

Front 40

study that tested selective stimuli

Back 40

"gorilla in our midst"

Front 41

stroop test

Back 41

colored words

Front 42

perceptual set

...which study?

Back 42

predisposition to recieve info a certain way

ethnic bias (guns/black men)

Front 43

3 outer parts of the eye

Back 43

sclera (white part)
iris (controls size of pupil)
pupil (like camera aperture)

Front 44

focusing parts of the eye

Back 44

cornea
lens
cornea does most of the bending, lens focuses

Front 45

retina

Back 45

light-sensitive surface that records what we see and converts it to neural impulses for processing in the brain

Front 46

process of sending light to the retina

Back 46

light triggers reaction in rods and cones
this transduces light energy into electrochemical neural impulses
neural impulses activate bipolar cells which activate ganglion cells
light info is transmitted to the optic nerve which sends it to the brain

Front 47

perceptual constancy

(3 types)

Back 47

recognition that objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input is changing

1. size constancy
2. shape
3. brightness

Front 48

frequency (sound)

Back 48

wavelength
indicates pitch
high frequency=high pitch

Front 49

amplitude (sound)

Back 49

loudness
measured in decibels

Front 50

complex sounds --timbre

Back 50

numerous frequencies blended together
timbre = tone saturation, perceptual quality of sound

Front 51

outer ear parts & functions

Back 51

pinna --elephants have big ones
external auditory canal

Front 52

middle ear parts & functions

Back 52

eardrum (membrane that vibrates in response to sound)
hammer anvil and stirrup (ossicles, vibrate and send sound to inner ear

Front 53

innear ear parts & functions

Back 53

oval window (membraneous attached to stirrup)
cochlea (tubular, fluid filled, snail-like)
basilar membrane (lines cochlea --narrow and rigid at cochlea's base, but wider and more flexible at the top --high pitched sounds = narrower end)

Front 54

hair cells

Back 54

line basilar membrane
covered in cilia
movement against tectorial membrane generates impulses that are interpreted by brain

Front 55

acoustical shadow

Back 55

lower intensity is created at the far ear when higher frequency sounds are directed towards one side of the head

Front 56

mechanosensory perception (types)

Back 56

cutaneous/subcutaneous
pain

-proprioceptive (limbs)
-vestibular (head)

Front 57

Sternberg's society levels of intelligence

Back 57

hamiltonian --born with diff faculties, stupid need smart to lead
jeffersonian --people are provided with equal opportunity
jacksonian --everyone has equal factulties

Front 58

implicit definitions of intelligence

Back 58

practical problem solving
-logical reasoning
-identifying connections
-seeing all aspects of a problem
verbal ability
-speaking clearly
-verbal fluency
social competence
-accepting others
-admitting mistakes
-showing broad interests

Front 59

spearman g factor

Back 59

underlying one factor thought to denote intelligence

Front 60

fluid intelligence

Back 60

intelligence that reflects info-procesing abilities, reasoning, and memory

Front 61

crystallized intelligencea

Back 61

accumulation of skills/strategies that are good for problem solving

Front 62

psychometrically defined intelligence

Back 62

intelligence is what intelligence tests test

Front 63

3 parts of cognitive theories of intelligence

Back 63

information processing speed
working memory
cognitive strategies

Front 64

information processing speed

(and steps)

Back 64

speed with which people perform perceptual tasks

apprehend
scan
retrieve
respond

Front 65

working memory is the ability to keep in mind different aspects of an active problem by:

Back 65

maintaining attention
ignoring irrelevant stimuli
switching back and forth from 1 stream of info to another

Front 66

intelligence test construct reliability

Back 66

test-retest reliability
internal consistency
interjudge reliability

Front 67

intelligence test construct validity

Back 67

construct validity (to what extent is the test measuring the construct of interest)
content validity (do all the questions relate to all aspects of the construct)
criterion-related validity

Front 68

david wechsler

Back 68

importance of both verbal and non verbal abilities
intelligence is a global construct, cannot be measured directly, but can be inferred by how a person speaks/reacts to stimuli

Front 69

critique of wechsler

Back 69

poor measure of creative/practical abilities
limited to measuring memory/analytic abilities
sampling bias

Front 70

Howard Gardner's 8 Types of intelligence

Back 70

1. linguistic
2. logical-mathematic
3. visuo-spatial
4. musical
5. intrapersonal
6. interpersonal
7. bodily-kinesthetic
8. naturalistic

Front 71

Triarchic Theory -- 3 underlying cognitive processes?

Sternberg

Back 71

1. componential (fluid induction/deduction, crystallized)
2. contextual (adaptation, selection, shaping)
3. experimental (dealing with novelty)

Front 72

sternberg triarchic theory -- 3 types of intellectual competence?

Back 72

1. analytic
2. practical
3. creative

Front 73

Phenotype

Back 73

IQ score, observable

Front 74

genotype

Back 74

unique genetic makeup, non observable

Front 75

environment

Back 75

non genetic influences that determine phenotype

(accounts for differences between pheno and geno types)

Front 76

basic speech stimuli = ?
perceptions they elicit =?

Back 76

phones & phonemes

Front 77

one or more phones make _____ , which make _______

Back 77

syllables, words

Front 78

phones are divided into ______ and _____ stimuli

Back 78

vowel and consonant speech stimuli

Front 79

Universal Grammar (Chomsky)

Back 79

all language has deep structures that are transformed into surface structures of particular languages expressed in speech

Front 80

cognitive theories of intelligence

Back 80

o Understanding human intelligence in terms of how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing

Front 81

test re-test reliability

Back 81

are scores stable over time?

Front 82

internal consistency

Back 82

are all elements of the test measuring the same thing?

Front 83

Componential (Sternberg triarchic)

Back 83

induction = anologies coming to conclusions (broader --> specific)
deduction = syllogism

Front 84

terman: expert definitions of intelligence

Back 84

a. Abstract thinking
b. Seeing all aspects of a problem
c. Ability to adapt oneself
d. Sensation, perception, association, memory, imagination, discrimination, judgement, reasoning
e. Sensory capacity, capacity for perceptual recognition, quickness, range or flexibility of association, imagination, attention span, alertness and quick responses

Front 85

UCS

Back 85

unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response wihtout having been learned

i.e.: dog food

Front 86

UCR

Back 86

unconditioned response

naturally occuring response that needs no training

dog salivating

Front 87

CS

Back 87

conditioned stimulus

once neutral stimulus that, by association wiht the UCS will elicit a repsonse similar to the one caused by UCS

bell

Front 88

CR

Back 88

conditioned response

a response that after conditioning follows the CS

dog salivating at bell

Front 89

two types of learning

Back 89

associative learning
observational learning

Front 90

conditioning types of associative learning

Back 90

classic and operant

Front 91

classical conditioning

Back 91

learning by which a neutral stimulus (flower) becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus (bee) and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response (fear)

Front 92

generalization (CC)

Back 92

tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original CS to elicit a response similar to the CR

dog responding to whistles

Front 93

discrimination (CC)

Back 93

process of learning how to respond to certain stimuli and not others

pavlov playing whistles without food

Front 94

extinction (cc)

Back 94

weakening of the CR in absence of UCS

Front 95

spontaneous recovery (cc & oc)

Back 95

CR can return after a time delay wtih no additional conditioning

Front 96

operant conditioning

(definition and creator)

Back 96

skinner

a form of associative learning in which the consequences change the probability of the behavior's occurence

Front 97

law of effect

(definition and creator)

Back 97

Thorndike

behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, vice versa

correct S-R (stimulus-response) association strengthens behavior

Front 98

classical or operant?

is the organism learning associations between events it can't control?

Back 98

classical

Front 99

classical or operant?

is the organism learning associations between behavior and resulting events?

Back 99

operant

Front 100

reinforcement

Back 100

increase in behavior followed by a rewarding consequence

Front 101

positive reinforcement

Back 101

rewarding stimulus is added

---good grades on a test

Front 102

negative reinforcement

Back 102

unpleasant stimulus is removed

--nagging parent

Front 103

primary reinforcement

Back 103

reinforcers that are innately satisfying (sex, water)

Front 104

secondary reinforcement

Back 104

learned or conditioned reinforcers (grades, money)

Front 105

punishment

Back 105

decrease in behavior followed by unpleasant consequences

Front 106

positive punishment

Back 106

unpleasant stimulus is added

Front 107

negative punishment

Back 107

reward stimulus is removed

i.e.: time out