Radioactivity

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Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation by an element known as radioactive element.

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Radioactive element emit radiation continually and spontaneously

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Radioactivity is associated with great amount release of energy about a million times than any chemical reaction.

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There are 2 types of radioactivity which are;

Natural radioactivity

Artificial radioactivity (induce radioactivity)

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Radioactive decay is the spontaneous disintegration of an atomic nucleus to emit radiation such as alpha, beta, gamma, positron, xray, neutron etc

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During disintegration, the parent nucleus/nuclide will undergo changes in atomic number that is changing into different element called the daughter nucleus

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Natural radioactivity occurs naturally by emitting some or all of alpha,beta and gamma rays.

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Natural radioactivity occurs in heavy radioactivity elements whose atomic number ranges between 81-92 and they have the longest half life period.

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It's decay by emitting of alpha,beta radiation and produce radioactive element which are more stable until finally a stable isotope is formed (the product formed)

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Artificial radioactivity occurs by bombarding a stable nucleus/ isotope by a nuclear particle such as alpha, beta, gamma etc or nuclei of other atom such as carbon

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The bombardment particle maybe captured by the nucleus and the nucleus either undergoes fusion or fission process, depending on the condition of bombardment.

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Natural radiation maybe used to induce the process of the reaction but this limits the energy of the bombarding particles. What happens depends on the nature and the energy of the bombarding particles.

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Radioactivity consists of radiation

Alpha particles( is positive, blocked by a sheet of paper, low penetrating power, high ionization energy, deflected by magnetic field to the negative)

Beta particles(is negative,blocked by aluminium foil and glass, medium ionization energy of 100, medium penetrating power, deflected by magnetic field to the positive)

Gamma particles (no charge ,blocked by lead block, no ionization energy, high penetrating power of 10000)

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Radioactive displacement states that when alpha emission takes place, there is a movement two places down the periodic table and when there is beta emission there is one movement up the periodic table

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Half life is the time taken for about the half of an atomic nucleus to disintegrate

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Nuclear reaction happens whether an atom is stable or not when bombarded.

If there is nuclear instability the reaction will spontaneous take place a.k.a Natural radioactivity.

A nuclear reaction will be Induced when bombarded with high velocity particle. The kinetic energy in the particle will supply the energy for the reaction.

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There are 2 types of Artificial radioactivity

Nuclear fusion and fission

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Nuclear fission is the splitting of heavy nuclei into approximately smaller pieces.

It will form extra energy that may be sufficient to split the already distorted nucleus into two fragments.

When an heavy nuclei is bombarded with a light energy neutron,it will form extra energy that may be sufficient to split the already distorted nucleus into two fragments.

An example is when uranium 235 is bombarded with high energy neutron different products will be formed depending on how the nucleus splits up.

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Light element are less stable and joining of two light nuclei results in more stable nucleus with a liberation of energy.

The components of the two nuclei must be brought together against a repulsive forces and this is accompanied by accelerating particles of high velocity.

Fusion release very high amount of energy