Rad 241 - Chapters 10 And 11

Front 1

A set of numeric dose limits that are based on calculations of the various risks of cancer and genetic effects to tissues or organs exposed to radiation

Back 1

Effective dose limiting system

Front 2

The document that incorporates the effective dose limiting system

Back 2

Title 10 of the code of federal regulations, part 20

Front 3

What is the basis for the effective dose limiting system?

Back 3

The concept of radiation exposure and of the associated risk of radiation-induced malignancy

Front 4

Future radiation protection standards are expected to continue to be based on what?

Back 4

Risk

Front 5

What are the four advisory committees?

Back 5

ICRP, NCRP, UNSCEAR, NAS/NRC-BEIR

Front 6

What are the five regulatory committees?

Back 6

NRC, Agreement states, EPA, US FDA, OSHA

Front 7

Considered the international authority on the safe use of sources of ionizing radiation

Back 7

ICRP

Front 8

What does ICRP stand for?

Back 8

International Commission on radiologic protection

Front 9

The ICRP is composed of what members?

Back 9

A main commission with 12 active members, a chairman, and four standing committees

Front 10

The ICRP provides recommendations for what?

Back 10

Occupational dose limits and public dose limits

Front 11

What does NCRP stand for?

Back 11

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

Front 12

Determines the way ICRP recommendations are incorporated into US radiation protection criteria

Back 12

NCRP

Front 13

How does the NCRP determine the way ICRP recommendations are incorporated into US radiation protection criteria?

Back 13

By formulating general recommendations, and publishing their recommendations in the form of various reports

Front 14

What does UNSCEAR stand for?

Back 14

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation

Front 15

Formulates radiation protection guidelines

Back 15

UNSCEAR

Front 16

Scientific basis for radiation safety protection activities

Back 16

NCRP

Front 17

UNSCEAR evaluates human and environmental ionizing radiation exposure from a variety of sources, including:

Back 17

Radioactive materials, radiation producing machines, radiation accidents

Front 18

Which organization uses epidemiologic data acquired from the radiation effects research foundation and research conclusions to derive radiation risk assessments for cancer and hereditary effects?

Back 18

UNSCEAR

Front 19

Which group is similar to UNSCEAR but they publish articles?

Back 19

NAS/NRC-BEIR

Front 20

Another advisory group that reviews studies of biologic effects of ionizing radiation and risk assessment

Back 20

NAS/NRC-BEIR

Front 21

What groups of people are included in the BEIR reports?

Back 21

Early radiation workers, atomic bomb victims of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, evacuees from the Chernobyl nuclear power station disaster

Front 22

What does NAS/NRC-BEIR stand for?

Back 22

National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation

Front 23

A federal agency that has the authority to control the possession, use, and production of atomic energy in the interest of National Security. Also has the power to enforce radiation protection standards

Back 23

NRC

Front 24

What does NRC stand for?

Back 24

Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Front 25

True or false? The NRC regulates x-ray Imaging facilities

Back 25

False

Front 26

What is the function of the NRC?

Back 26

To oversee the nuclear energy industry

Front 27

inspection of nuclear reactors and assurance of adherence to Federal radiation safety regulations in agreement or non agreement states fall solely under the jurisdiction of who?

Back 27

NRC

Front 28

Who created EPA?

Back 28

Nixon

Front 29

Facilitates the development and enforcement of regulations pertaining to the control of radiation in the environment. Directs federal agencies, oversees the general area of environmental monitoring, has oversight authority for specific areas such as determining the action level for radon

Back 29

EPA

Front 30

Conducts an ongoing product radiation control program, regulating the design and manufacturing of electronic products, including diagnostic X-ray equipment

Back 30

FDA

Front 31

Regulates faulty machines, mammo, and xray facility standards

Back 31

FDA

Front 32

A monitoring agency and places of employment, predominantly and industry. Regulates occupational exposure to radiation. "Right to know"

Back 32

OSHA

Front 33

What are some functions of the radiation safety committee?

Back 33

Provides guidance for the program, facilitates ongoing operation of the program, selects a qualified person to serve as a radiation safety officer

Front 34

ALARA was put forth by who?

Back 34

NCRP

Front 35

What NCRP report outlines ALARA?

Back 35

#160

Front 36

What is another term for ALARA?

Back 36

Optimization

Front 37

What does LNT stand for?

Back 37

Linear non-threshold

Front 38

Provides federal legislation requiring the establishment of minimum standards for the accreditation of education programs for people who perform radiologic procedures and certification of such people

Back 38

Consumer patient radiation health and safety act of 1981

Front 39

What is the purpose of the consumer patient radiation health and safety act of 1981?

Back 39

To ensure that standard medical and dental radiologic procedures and here to rigorous safety precautions and standards

Front 40

Effects whose severity does not depend on the radiation dose, but the probability of occurrence

Back 40

Stochastic effects

Front 41

Effects involving injury or death of many cells

Back 41

Deterministic effects

Front 42

Effects that exhibit a threshold dose below which the response does not normally occur and above which the severity of the biologic damage increases as the dose increases

Back 42

Tissue reactions

Front 43

Biologic somatic effects of ionizing radiation that can be directly related to the dose received

Back 43

Tissue reactions

Front 44

True or false? Tissue reactions typically occur only after large doses of radiation

Back 44

True

Front 45

What are some early consequences of radiation sickness?

Back 45

Hematopoietic syndrome, gastrointestinal syndrome, cerebrovascular syndrome

Front 46

Early tissue reactions have a high probability of occurring when entrance radiation doses exceed what?

Back 46

2 Gyt

Front 47

What two factors were considered in developing the present effective dose limiting recommendations?

Back 47

Genetic and somatic responses to ionizing radiation

Front 48

Current radiation protection philosophy is based on what?

Back 48

The assumption that a linear non threshold relationship exists between radiation dose and biologic response

Front 49

The current method for controlling risk of biologic damage to radiation workers and the general public from radiation exposure

Back 49

EfD

Front 50

The effective dose limit is the upper boundary dose of ionizing radiation that results in the negligible risk of what?

Back 50

Bodily injury or hereditary damage

Front 51

EfD limits may be expressed for what?

Back 51

Whole body exposure, partial body exposure, and exposure of individual organs

Front 52

The sum of what is considered when effective dose limits are established?

Back 52

External and internal whole body exposures

Front 53

True or false? Upper limits do not include natural background and medical radiation?

Back 53

True

Front 54

What is the occupational risk generally estimated to be?

Back 54

A 2.5% chance of fatal accident over an entire career

Front 55

There is evidence of a dose-dependent increase in the incident of severe intellectual disability for fetal doses greater than approximately what?

Back 55

0.4 Sv

Front 56

The greatest risk for radiation-induced intellectual disability occurred when the embryo fetus was exposed how many weeks after conception?

Back 56

8-15 weeks

Front 57

The effective dose limiting system is an attempt to do what?

Back 57

Equate the various risks of cancer and hereditary effects to the tissues or organs that were exposed to radiation

Front 58

Indicates the ratio of the risk of stochastic effects attributable to irradiation of a given organ or tissue to the total risk when the whole body is uniformly irradiated

Back 58

Tissue weighting factor

Front 59

What NCRP document outlines the tissue weighting factors?

Back 59

#116

Front 60

What is the annual occupational effective dose limit?

Back 60

50 mSv

Front 61

The lifetime effective dose in millisieverts should not exceed what?

Back 61

10 times the occupationally exposed persons age in years

Front 62

In 1991, the ICRP recommended the reduction of the annual effective dose limit for occupational expose people from 50 mSv to what?

Back 62

20 mSv

Front 63

The recommended annual effective dose limit for continuous or frequent exposures from artificial sources, other than medical or radiation and natural background, is what?

Back 63

1 mSv

Front 64

The recommended annual effective dose limit for infrequent exposures from artificial sources other than medical radiation and natural background is what?

Back 64

5 mSv

Front 65

For pregnant female radiation workers, a monthly equivalent dose limit for the embryo fetus should not exceed what?

Back 65

0.5 mSv per month

Front 66

The equivalent dose limit during the entire pregnancy for a pregnant female radiation worker should not exceed what?

Back 66

5.0 mSv

Front 67

The limit for any education and training of individuals under the age of 18 years old is an effective dose of what annually?

Back 67

1 mSv

Front 68

The equivalent dose annual limits for the crystalline lens of the eye is what?

Back 68

150 mSv

Front 69

The equivalent dose annual limits for localized areas of the skin, the hands, and the feet is what?

Back 69

500 mSv

Front 70

What is the annual negligible individual dose limit?

Back 70

0.01 mSv per year

Front 71

Personnel dosimeter readings should be well below what fraction of the maximum effective dose limits?

Back 71

1/10th

Front 72

the concept that there exists a beneficial aspect or result to groups of individuals from continuing exposure to small amounts of radiation

Back 72

Radiation hormesis

Front 73

Leakage radiation from the tube cannot exceed what?

Back 73

1 mGya/hr (100 mR/hr) when the tube is operated at it's highest voltage at the highest current that allows continuous operation

Front 74

The x-ray table must be able to support a person weighing over what?

Back 74

300 lbs

Front 75

Distance and centering indicators must be accurate to within what percentage of the SID, respectively?

Back 75

2% and 1%

Front 76

Used to adjust the size and shape of the X-ray beam either automatically or manually

Back 76

Light-localizing variable-aperature rectangular collimator

Front 77

What are the 3 types of X-ray beam limitation devices?

Back 77

Collimator, cones, cylinders

Front 78

The patients skin surface should be how far from the collimator?

Back 78

15 cm

Front 79

The primary unit of luminance

Back 79

Candela per square meter, or the nit

Front 80

What is the inherent filtration?

Back 80

1.5mm

Front 81

What is the added filtration?

Back 81

1 mm

Front 82

What is HVL?

Back 82

The thickness of a designated absorber required to decrease the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value

Front 83

What are compensating filters made of?

Back 83

Aluminum, lead-acrylic, or other suitable materials

Front 84

What are two types of compensating filters?

Back 84

Wedge filter, trough or bilateral wedge filter

Front 85

Consistency in output in radiation intensity for identical generator settings from one individual exposure to subsequent exposures

Back 85

Exposure reproducibility

Front 86

Consistency in output radiation intensity at selected kvp settings when generator settings are changed from one ma and time combination to another

Back 86

Exposure linearity

Front 87

What percentage can the exposure reproducibility vary?

Back 87

5% or less

Front 88

What percentage can the exposure linearity vary?

Back 88

10%

Front 89

What are the low attenuation strips in a radiographic grid made out of?

Back 89

Aluminum, plastic fiber, wood

Front 90

What is the relationship between grid ratio and patient dose?

Back 90

Direct relationship

Front 91

What is the minimum SSD for mobile radiography?

Back 91

30cm or 12in

Front 92

What is the minimum SSD for stationary fluoroscopy?

Back 92

38cm or 15in

Front 93

What is the kvp range for fluoroscopic procedures?

Back 93

75-110 kvp

Front 94

When kvp ranges from 80 to 100, what is an acceptable half value layer?

Back 94

3-4.5 mm aluminum

Front 95

The intensity at the table top surface should not exceed what dose for each mA of operation at 80 kvp?

Back 95

21 mGya/min or 2.1 R

Front 96

When aluminum filtration increases from 1 to 3 mm, how much does patient dose decrease?

Back 96

1/4th

Front 97

Entrance skin exposure rate of general-purpose intensified fluoroscopic units with maximum technique factors should not exceed what dose limit?

Back 97

100 mGya/min, or 10 R/min

Front 98

A primary protective barrier of what led equivalency is required for a fluoroscopic unit?

Back 98

2mm

Front 99

Fluoroscopic units equipped with high-level control can have a maximum dose of what?

Back 99

200 mGya/min (20 R/min)

Front 100

Tthe FDA has recommended that a notation be placed in the patient's record if the skin dose in the range of what is received?

Back 100

1-2 Gyt

Front 101

Which organization reviews studies of biological effects of ionizing radiation and risk assessment and provides information to organizations such as the ICRP for evaluation?

Back 101

NAS/BEIR

Front 102

Which organization reviews regulations formulated by the ICRP and decides ways to include those recommendations and US radiation protection criteria?

Back 102

NCRP

Front 103

Which organization enters into written agreements with state governments that permit the state to license and regulate the use of radioisotopes?

Back 103

NRC

Front 104

Which organization facilitates the development and enforcement of regulations pertaining to the control of radiation in the environment?

Back 104

EPA

Front 105

What is based on calculations of the various risks of cancer and genetic effects to tissues or organs exposed to radiation and has been incorporated into 10 CFR 20?

Back 105

Effective dose limiting system

Front 106

What are the two all-inclusive categories that encompass radiation-induced responses?

Back 106

Deterministic and stochastic

Front 107

Which law allows the FDA to regulate the design and manufacturing of electronic products, including diagnostic X-ray equipment?

Back 107

Radiation control for health and safety act of 1968

Front 108

Which law ensures that standard medical and dental radiologic procedures adhere to rigorous safety precautions and standards?

Back 108

Patient radiation health and safety act of 1981