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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How many bones are in the axial skeleton and how many in the appendicular ? |
-80 axial bones -126 separate bones in appendicular |
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What are the 4 classifications of bone ? |
Long Short Flat Irregular |
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Short bones are : |
-Roughly cuboidal and only found in the wrists and ankles - mainly cancellous tissue with a thin outer covering of compact bone - 8 carpal -7 tarsal |
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What is the primary center of growth ? |
The diaphysis ( becomes the body in a fully developed bone |
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What's the covering of bone ? |
Compact bone or cortex - composed of hard dense bone tissue |
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What is metaphysis ? |
- The wider portion of a long bone adjacent to the Epiphyseal plate - the area where bone growth in length occurs |
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What are the functional classifications of joints ? |
-Synarthrosis - Amphiarthrosis - Diarthrosis |
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What are the structural classifications of joints ? |
Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial |
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How many projections for each bone ? |
Foot= 3 Chest = 2 Wrist= 3 Tibia/Fibula = 2 Humerus= 2 Fifth Toe= 3 Post reduction of wrist= 2 Left hip= 2 Knee= 3 Pelvis= 1 |
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What is density ? |
Radiographic film density is defined as the amount of "blackness" on the processed radiograph |
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kV is : |
The primary control factor for film based imaging - kV is energy |
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KV is a second controlling factor for : |
Density |
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What is the 15% rule ? |
15% increase in kV will increase film density , similar to doubling the mAs - as kV is is increased, mAs can be significantly reduced |
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What does kV stand for ? |
Kilovoltage = controls the energy ( penetrating power) of the xray beam |
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What is contrast ? |
Defined as the difference in density between adjacent areas of a radiographic image - high contrast , short scale - low contrast, long scale ( referring to the optimal densities from the lightest to the darkest part of the image ) |
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What is SID and what does it do ? |
Less magnification occurs at a greater SID than at a shorter SID - source image receptor distance |
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Types of contrast and what they do ? |
High contrast; short scale : greater differences in adjacent densities and fewer visible density Low contrast; long scale : Reveals more shades of gray as evident by the faint outlines of vertebrae that are visible through the heart and the mediastinal structures |
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What is Spatial Resolution? |
Defined as the recorded sharpness or detail of structures on the image |
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What is a radiographic image? |
An image of a patients anatomic part(s) as produced by the action of X-rays on an image receptor |
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What are soft copy images ? |
- they are viewed on a computer monitor - are a numeric representation of the X-ray intensities that are transmitted through the patient - each digital image is 2 dimensional and is formed by a matrix of picture elements called pixels |
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What are pixels ? |
Represent the smallest unit in the image; columns and rows of pixels make up the matrix |
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What do each of the pixels in an image matrix demonstrate ? |
A single shade of gray when viewed on a monitor ; this is representative of physical properties of the anatomic structure - range of gray shades is related to the bit depth of pixel , which is determined by the manufacturer |
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Concept of bit depth : |
The greater the bit depth of a system , the greater is the contrast resolution ( ex: the greater The number of possible shades of gray that a pixel can have |
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Pixel size : |
Resolution is controlled by the display matrix |
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What is brightness ? |
Intensity of light that represents the individual pixels in the image on the monitor - brightness replaces the film based term density |
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What is distortion ? |
The misrepresentation of object size or shape as projected onto radiographic recording media |
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Factors that affect distortion are: |
SID, OID, and CR alignment |
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What is exposure ? |
A numeric value that is representative of the exposure that the IR has received |
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What is the primary control factor of film density ? |
mAs |
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Resolution with film screening imaging is controlled by : |
Geometric factors , film screen setting , and motion |
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Geometric factors that control or influence resolution consist of : |
Focal spot size , SID, object image receptor distance - small focal point results in less geometric unsharpness |
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What is a penumbra ? |
Refers to the unsharp edges of objects in the projected image |
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Lack of visible sharpness or resolution is : |
Blur or unsharpness |
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Lack of visible sharpness or resolution is : |
Blur or unsharpness |
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General rule states : |
The highest kV and the lowest mAs that yield sufficient diagnostic information should be used on each radiographic examination |
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the second controlling factor of distortion is : |
OID - the closer the object being radiographed is to the IR , the less are the magnification and shape distortion and the better is the resolution |
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Third important controlling factor of distortion is : |
Object IR alignment If the object plane is not parallel to the plane of the IR , distortion occurs |
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First controlling factor of distortion is : |
SID - less magnification occurs at a greater SID than at a shorter SID |
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What is spongy bone ? |
Highly porous and usually contains red bone marrow , which is responsible for production of RBC's - inside shell of compact bone and both ends of long bone |
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What is spongy bone ? |
Highly porous and usually contains red bone marrow , which is responsible for production of RBC's - inside shell of compact bone and both ends of long bone |
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What is the medullary cavity ? |
Hollow - contains fatty yellow marrow in adults |
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What is spongy bone ? |
Highly porous and usually contains red bone marrow , which is responsible for production of RBC's - inside shell of compact bone and both ends of long bone |
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What is the medullary cavity ? |
Hollow - contains fatty yellow marrow in adults |
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What is the periosteum ? |
Dense fibrous membrane - covers bone except articulating surfaces |
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What is spongy bone ? |
Highly porous and usually contains red bone marrow , which is responsible for production of RBC's - inside shell of compact bone and both ends of long bone |
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What is the medullary cavity ? |
Hollow - contains fatty yellow marrow in adults |
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What is the periosteum ? |
Dense fibrous membrane - covers bone except articulating surfaces |
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Hyaline is : |
Meaning glassy or clear - common type of cartilage or connecting tissue known as "gristle" |
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List terms describing 2 pixel sizes used in digital imaging ? |
- acquisition pixel size - display pixel size |
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What is the anode heel effect ? |
The intensity of radiation emitted from the cathode end of the X-ray tube is greater than that emitted at the anode end |
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How should the patient be positioned ? |
The thicker portion of the part is at the cathode end of the X-ray tube and the thinner part is under the anode |
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Adequate density is primarily controlled by : |
mAs |
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Radiographic contrast is defined as: |
The difference in density between adjacent areas of a radiographic image |
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What is the second controlling factor of density ? |
kV |
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Small focal points result in: |
Less geometric unsharpness |