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163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biology is the
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Scientific study of life
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Organisms that are alive use____1___ and_____2____ if they can sense and _____3_____ to the enviroment if they can grow and_____4____
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1. Energy
2. Raw Materials 3. Respond 4. Reproduce |
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The smallest unit of life is?
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The cell
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the smallest unit of matter is?
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The atom
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Living organisms are made up of special molecules called
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Organic molecules
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Organic molecules include
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Nucleic acids, Protiens, Carbohydrates, and Lipids
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The "Levels of organization" from smallest to largest
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molecule
cell tissue organ organ system individual population community ecosystem bioshpere |
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what are molecules of inheritance called?
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DNA
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What does DNA stand for?
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Deoxyribonucleic acid
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What does DNA do in a cell?
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Directs assembly of amino acids into different molecules
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What is the term for all the reactions in the body that require energy to grow, survive and reproduce?
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Metabolism
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An organ is alive if it can sense and ________ to its environment
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Respond
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What is the term for the maintenance of the internal environment within a normal stable range for the organism?
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Homeostasis
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_____________ make their own food.
EX. plants |
Producers
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_____________ depend on the energy stored in producers.
EX animals |
Consumers
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_____________ are consumers that break down remains and wastes and recycle organic material.
EX fungi/bacteria |
Decomposers
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what is the origin of all energy on earth?
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The sun
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____________ developed the two part naming system.
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Carolus Linnaeus
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In the Two part naming system the first name is the ___1___ and the second name is the ____2_____.
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1. Genus
2. Species |
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__________________ are organisms without a nucleus, but they do have DNA
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Prokaryotes
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___________1________ are organisms with a nucleus that contains their ___2_____
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1. Eukaryotes
2. DNA |
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Name 2 prokaryotic kingdoms
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1. Archaea
2. Bacteria |
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Name 4 eukaryotic kingdoms
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1. Protista
2. Fungi 3. Plantae 4. Animalia |
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Name the 3 domains
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1. Bacteria
2. Archaea 3. Eukaryea |
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____________________is a change in the structure of DNA and may change the trait.
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Mutations
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Most random changes of DNA are ________________ to the organism.
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Harmful
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_______________________ is the “father of evolution”
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Charles Darwin
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What are Adaptive Traits?
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Allow some individuals to be more likely to survive and reproduce
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What is Natural Selection?
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They are traits that allow some individuals to be more likely to survive
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What is Evolution?
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Population change due to natural selection
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What is the “Scientific Method”?
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1. Observe Phenomenon
2. Develope Hypothesis 3. Make Predictions 4. Devise test of predictions 5. Carry out tests 6. analyze results |
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In an experiment, the ________ is used as a standard of comparison
to the experimental group. |
Control Group
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The best experiments reduce the likelihood of skewed results by
using? |
Large samples
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The best experiments test ____ variable(s) at the same time
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One
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____________________ is a hypothesis that over time has never been disproven.
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Theory
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Although we can not prove it is 100% correct, after a period of study and experimentation by
many researchers, a scientific theory is thought of as _________________. |
Fact
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_____________is the fundamental form of matter
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Elements
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There are 92 natural elements. Elements are made up of __________.
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Atoms
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______________is the number of protons in an atom.
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Atomic number
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_____________is the sum of the protons and the neutrons in an atom.
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Mass number
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________is an atom of an element with a different number of neutrons.
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Isotope
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________________is an isotope used to date fossils.
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Carbon 14
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An isotope of ____________ is
used to image and diagnose problems with the thyroid gland |
Iodine
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What subatomic particle determines the bonding of an atom?
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Electron
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The first electron shell around an atom can hold ___1____ electrons. The second and third shells can hold __2__ electrons.
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1. 2 Electrons
2. 8 Electrons |
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What is an ionic bond?
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It is a bond between oppositely charged atoms or ions, due to the give and take of electrons
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What is a covalent bond?
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It is a bond between atoms due to the sharing of a pair of electrons
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What is a polar covalent bond?
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It is a bond where the pair of electrons is unequally shared electrons leaving a slightly negative and positive charge
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What is a hydrogen bond?
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Are slightly positive charges due to the polar covalent bonds and are responsible for a molecules shape
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Rank the molecule bonds from the strongest to the weakest
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1. covalent
2. ionic 3. hydrogen |
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The formula for a water molecule is _____1_____. The bonds between H-O-H in the molecule of water are called______2________ because the electrons are not shared equally. As a result of this unequal sharing of electrons, between the molecules of water there are _____3____ bonds.
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1. H2O
2. Polar covalent 3. Hydrogen |
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For many molecules in the body, water, DNA and enzymes, ___________ determine the shape of the molecule
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Hydrogen bonds
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What are 4 important characteristics of water?
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1. Polarity
2. Temperature 3. Stabilizing 4. Universal Solvent |
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________________ molecules “love” water and mix well with it, they are often have polar covalent
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Hydrophilic
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__________molecules “fear” water and do not mix well with them
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Hydrophobic
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Why can water absorb a lot of heat before its temperature rises?
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Because it takes a lot of energy to disrupt all the hydrogen bonds between the molecules
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What does evaporation of water achieve when we sweat?
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It removes heat from the body
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What allows water to have a “cohesive” force?
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The hydrogen bonds
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What is called the universal solvent?
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Water
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What does a balanced equation show?
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It shows the same number of atoms in substances and products
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What does a formula for a molecule or compound show?
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The number and type of atom in a molecule
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Why can water absorb a lot of heat before its temperature rises?
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Because it takes a lot of energy to disrupt all the hydrogen bonds between the molecules
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What does evaporation of water achieve when we sweat?
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It removes heat from the body
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What allows water to have a “cohesive” force?
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The hydrogen bonds
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What is called the universal solvent?
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Water
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What does a balanced equation show?
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It shows the same number of atoms in substances and products
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What does a formula for a molecule or compound show?
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The number and type of atom in a molecule
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_________________ are molecules that contain more than one element.
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Compounds
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The ___________ scale is based on the concentration of H+ in a solution.
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PH
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What is a H+ donor?
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Acid
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What is a H+ acceptor
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Base
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If there is a high number of H+ ions, then the pH would be _______________
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Below 7
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What is a buffer?
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Stabilizes the pH by accepting or releasing H+
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What is an Organic Molecule?
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It is a molecule with a C-C-C backbone and it includes carbohydrates, lipids, protiens, DNA, and RNA
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A carbon atom can bond with up to _______ other atoms.
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4
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What is a single covalent bond?
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When 2 atoms share a pair of electrons
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What is a double covalent bond?
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When 2 atoms share 2 pairs of electrons
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What is a Hydroxyl group?
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-OH
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What is a Carboxyl group?
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COOH or COO-
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What is a Amino group?
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-NH_3
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What do Enzymes do to a reaction?
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Speed up the rate of the reaction
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What does a condensation reaction do?
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It takes a smaller molecule and produces one larger molecule and it also produces water
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What does a hydrolysis reaction do?
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It takes a larger molecule and breaks it into smaller molecules using water as a reactant
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What is a carbohydrate?
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It is a sugar, starch, cellulose, glycogen, and chitin
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What is a monosaccharide?
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A single sugar
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Know glucose and ribose,
these are also known as ____________ sugars. |
Simple
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What is a disaccharide?
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2 sugars together in one molecule
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What is a polysaccharide?
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Many sugars or mono saccharides together
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What is cellulose?
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Indigestible polysaccharides Carbohydrate
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What is starch?
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Ddigestible polysaccharides Carbohydrate
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Which polysaccharide is digestible by us?
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Starch
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Starch and Cellulose are known as?
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Complex sugars
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What are the different types of Lipids?
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1. Natural fats
2. Phospholipid 3. Waxes 4. Sterols |
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What functional group does Lipids have?
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Carboxyl group, COOH
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What molecules make up a triglyceride?
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Three fatty acids and a glycerol
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What do triglycerides do in our bodies?
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Insulation and energy reservoir
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Where are phospholipids found in our bodies?
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In cell Membrane
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What does hydrophilic mean?
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Like water
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What end of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?
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Phosphate Head
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What does hydrophobic mean?
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Fear water
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What end of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?
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Lipid tails
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What makes up the 4 rings of a Sterol or Steroid?
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Cholesterol
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Where are examples of steroids in our body
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Bile Salts
Hormones Vitamin D Estrogen Progesterone |
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What is a Wax?
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Long chain of fatty acids linked to alcohol or carbon rings
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Give an example of a function of a wax
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Lubricates, repels water
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What do Proteins do in our body?
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Transport
enzymes structures nutrient hormones immune system |
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What 2 functional groups do Amino acids have?
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1. Amino group -NH_3
2. Carboxyl group COOH |
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What is the primary structure of a protein?
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A sequence of amino acids bonded together
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What type of bonds link amino acids to amino acids?
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dipeptide, polypeptide, covalent
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What is the secondary structure of a protein?
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Hydrogen bonds from between different parts of a polypeptide chain
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What shape is a secondary structure of a protien
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Helix or pleated sheet
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What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
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Globular 3D structure
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What is a quaternary structure of protein?
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structure between two proteins
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What is Denaturation?
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Disruption of three dimensional shape
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What causes denatration in our body
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Breaking of weak H bonds, pH changes, temperature changes
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What molecules in our body are made of Nucleotides?
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DNA, RNA, ATP
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What 3 parts does every nucleotide have?
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1.Sugar
2.Phosphate group 3.Base |
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What are the names of the 4 nucleotides in DNA?
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Adenine
Thymine Guanine Cytosine |
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How is the sugar to sugar “backbone” bonded together?
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Covalent bonds
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How are the bases bonded together?
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Hydrogen bonds
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what base does A bond to ? ___1____ What base does C bond to? ___2__
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1.A
2.G |
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What are the 3 types of RNA
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mRNA
Ribosome RNA |
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What is the work of RNA in the body?
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make proteins
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What are the 4 nucleotides in RNA?
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A-U
G-C (it has uracil instead of thymine) |
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What base does A bond to ? _____1____ What base does C bond to? ___2____
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1.U
2.G |
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The smallest unit of life is the __________________
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Cell
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What are the 3 parts to Cell Theory?
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1.Cells are the smallest unit of life
2.Every organism is made up of cells 3.Cells come from other cells |
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The person that first used the term ‘cell’ was _________________
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Robert Hooke
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When did Robert Hooke use the Term cell?
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1650
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Through Light microscopes we can see _____1______, Electron Microscopes we can see
___2____(We can’t see small molecules.) |
1.Bacteria, Single cells
2. Virus, Proteins, Parts or cells |
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. Cells are small or limited in their size because the bigger the cell____________
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the less surface area there is per volume and material cannot be moved in or out of cell fast enough.
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_______________________that surrounds the cellular material and is selectively permeable.
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Plasma membrane/Phospholipid layer
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_______________________,the heritable material that codes for proteins.
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DNA
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____________________ or the inner semi-fluid environment
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Cytoplasm
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Prokaryotic cells are primitive cells which have those 3 characteristics, but they have no_____1___ or no central place to hold the DNA , their DNA is simpler as ______2__________and their organelles include only _______3________.
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1.Nucleus
2.Circular DNA 3.Ribosomes |
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The two kingdoms of prokaryotic cells are
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1.Archaea
2.Bacteria |
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Eukaryotic cells do have a __________1___________or place to hold their DNA,
the DNA is often many pieces of inheritable material, (we have 46) and they have many organelles in addition to ribosomes, such as_______2___________ |
1.True Nucleus
2. Golgi, RER, SER |
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If it is a Theory, does that mean it is taken as scientific fact or fiction?
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Fact
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The four kingdoms of eukaryotic cells are?
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1.Protist
2.Fungi 3.Plantae 4.Animalia |
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A plasma membrane is made up of 3 basic molecules
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1.Phospholipids
2.Cholesterol 3.Proteins |
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In a membrane, what is a channel or transporter made of?
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Proteins
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What 2 components do plant cells have that other eukaryotic cells don’t have?
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1.Chloroplasts
2.Cell wall |
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What purpose is the cell wall in plants
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the cell wall maintians the structure of the plant
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what purpose is the chloroplast in plants
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absorb energy from the sun
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What is in a nucleus?
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DNA
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What do nuclear pores do?
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Allow small molecules in or out
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What does a nuclear membrane do?
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Holds DNA
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What does a RER or Rough endoplasmic reticulum do?
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Makes proteins
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What are the structures that make it rough?
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Ribosomes
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What does a SER or Smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?
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makes Lipids
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What does a Golgi Body do?
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Finishes protein and lipids, package them for transport
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In a membrane, what is a receptor molecule made of?
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Proteins
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What is a vesicle?
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Package proteins and lipids for transport in or out of cell
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What does a Mitochondrion do?
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Produce ATP
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What do they have, unlike other organelles in the animal cell?
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DNA and Ribpsomes
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What do Mitochondrion have, unlike other organelles in the animal cell?
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Internal structure and organization
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What are 2 types of cytoskeleton molecules
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Microtubules and Microfilaments
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What do flagella do?
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Move the cell
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What do cilia do?
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move materials outside of cell
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What are the cell to cell junctions called in a plant?
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Plasmodesma
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What are the cell to cell junctions called in an animal?
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Tight or Gap Junctions
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What does a gap junction allow the cells to do?
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Exchange fluids between cells
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What does a tight junction do?
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It makes water tight attachment to cell next door
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