Questions-Physiology Final

Front 1

Muscle fibers develop tension by

Back 1

contraction and shortening of sarcomeres

Front 2

Sarcormeres are arranged end to end as

Back 2

myofibrils

Front 3

T/F Cross bridges consist of troponin and tropomyosin protruding from the action helix

Back 3

false

Front 4

Einthoven invented

Back 4

the EKG

Front 5

Describe the sliding filament mechanism.

Back 5

In the sliding filament mechanism, there is a helical chain of actin, troponin, and topomyosin that bind to cross bridges on the myosin. Calcium covers the myosin globular head, and when tropomyosin binds with calcium, myosin, and troponin, the calcium uncovers the head and the actin chain binds to it. The sarcomere (functional muscle unit) does not shorten, but the overlapping thick and thin filaments inside the A band slide over. The H zone and the I band shorten, and return once the power stroke is over. The power stroke pulls teh actin chain to the myosin and binds it.

Front 6

Explain what hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic solutions mean and what they do to the cell.

Back 6

Isotonic solutions are balanced solutions. Hypertonic solutions have an abundance of solute and hypotonic solutions have an abundance of solvent. If a red blood cell was submerged in an isotonic solution, no change would take place. If it was put in a hypertonic solution, the cell would shrink becuause the higher concentration of water inside the cell will move out. If it was put into a hypertonic solution, the cell would expand or swell because the higher concentration of water outside would come in.

Front 7

Descibre glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.

Back 7

Glycolysis begins in the cytosol outside of the mitochonrdrion. It is an anaerobic process that produces 2 ATP and pyruvic acid from a molecule of glucose. The pyruvic acid goes to the matrix of the mitochondria, where the citric acid cycle starts. This is an areobic process. The pyruvic acid (6 carbon molecule) reacts with coenzyme A and forms acetyl coA which produces oxaloacetic acid. This process does not produce a significant amount of ATP. Hydrogen and carbon atoms are released and along with NADH and FADH2, start the electron transport chain. This process is located in the cristae and it is areobic. The electron transport chain produces 32 ATP, which provides energy for the cells. This is how glucose is broken down and converted into energy.

Front 8

How does the limbic system work to create the feelings of fear?

Back 8

In the cerbral cortex, your occiptal lobe recieves information or visual input. Your temporal lobe recieves sound input. The limbic system takes emotional input. The occipital and temporal lobes send signals to the hypothalamus and amygdala, where fear comes from. The limbic system produces the emotions and the cerebral cortex makes the decision what to do.

Front 9

How are IPSPs and EPSPs involved in control of our bladder?

Back 9

When urine fills our bladder, action potentials are sent to our brain to relax the surrounding muscles. If it is not a convenient time, the brain sends the action potentials and they reach an inhibitory synapse, which inhibits the action potential and prevents the bladder from relaxing. This is an IPSP. The bladder stays contracted. If the bladder needs to empty but isn't full and sending action potentials to relax it, the brain sends action potentials whih reach an excitatory synapse. These action potentials are sent to the bladder, which relaxes and empties.

Front 10

Describe inflammation.

Back 10

Basophils are brought to the scene, along with other white blood cells, and histamine and heparin are produced. Neutrophils are the first to come. A "leak" of interstitail fluid at teh site causes swelling, and redness, heat, and pain are also produced.

Front 11

What is blood doping?

Back 11

the process of illegally and dangerously increasing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Athletes often remove their blood and freeze it, and increase the oxygen capacity. Some take injections of a syntehtic erythropoieten. Blood doping can thicken the blood, resulting in death.

Front 12

How do we hear?

Back 12

The external ear-pinna, ear cannal, and tympanic membrane-gather and collect the sounds. They are transferred, by vibration, through the ossicles (malleus to incus to stapes) and brough to the round window. The round window is displaced by the vibration and causes pressure, which deflects the basilar membrane and causes movement of the fluid insie the organ of Corti in relation to the tectorial membrane, resulting in our reception of sound.

Front 13

What is erythropoiesis?

Back 13

It is a process initiated in the kidneys in response to reduced oxygen delivery to the kidneys. It is accomplished in the bone marrow upon stimulation by eryhtropoietin.

Front 14

What are the three steps in hemostasis?

Back 14

1) vascular spasm
2) formation of a platelet plug
3) blood coagulation