Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
describe abundance of formed elements
|
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas:
-neutrophils -lymphocytes -monocytes -eosinophils -basophils |
|
|
what are the agranulocytes?
|
lymphocytes and monocytes
|
|
|
what are the granulocytes?
|
neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
|
|
|
structure/function relationship of erythrocytes
|
-biconcave because a lot of surface area
-smaller distance to surface so easier and quicker for simple diffusion -specrin makes flexible to slide through tight spots |
|
|
site of production/common stem cell of formed elements
|
occurs in the red bone marrow
-hemocytoblast is the common stem cell of formed elements |
|
|
hormonal regulation of erythropoiesis
|
controlled by erythropoietin (EPO)
|
|
|
state the order of the stages of hemostasis
|
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation (fibrin formation)
|
|
|
describe what happens during vascular spasm stage of hemostasis
|
-direct injury to vascular smooth muscle
-chemical released by endothelial cells and platelets and reflexes initiated by local pain receptors |
|
|
describe what happens during the platelet plug formation stage of hemostasis
|
-enhances platelet stickiness to collagen
-platelets release serotonin, ADP and Thromboxane -this attracts more platelets to site, positive feedback) |
|
|
describe what happens during the coagulation (fibrin formation) stage of hemostasis
|
-prothrombin activator formed
-prothrombin activator converts prothrombin protein into thrombin -thrombin catalyzes joining of fibrinogen molecules into a fibrin mesh |
|
|
describe the elements in blood involved in blood typing including the definitions of agglutinins and agglutinogens; describe what makes a person type A, B, AB, or O and Rh+
|
ABO is based on presence of inherited agglutinogens type A and B
-agglutinegen is a glycoprotein antigen on the surface of the RBC and agglutinin is an antibody -type A, B, AB and O have B, A, none and A and B antibodies -Rh+ carries the Rh antigen |
|
|
the components of the pericardium and the layers of the heart wall
|
-parietal: outside
-visceral layer/myocardium/endocardium: inside |
|
|
types of heart valves and roles of each
|
-AV valves: R=tricuspid, L=bicuspid/mitral
-semilunar valve: R=pulmonary and L=aortic |
|
|
explain the roles of the pulmonary and systemic circuits
|
-pulmonary circuits: served by the right side pump and goes only to the lungs
-systemic circuits: served by the left side pump and goes to whole body |
|
|
describe the pathway of blood through the heart
|
superior/inferior vena cava -- r. atrium -- tricuspid valve -- r. ventricle -- pulmonary semilunar valve -- pulmonary truck -- lungs -- l/r pulmonary veins -- L atrium -- mitral/bicuspid valve -- L ventricle -- aortic semilunar valve -- aorta
|
|
|
describe the conduction system of the heart
|
coordinates and synchronizes heart activity and forces heart to contract in units
|
|
|
describe the pathway of the conduction system of the heart
|
SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches and purkinje fibers
|
|
|
what does the SA node do?
|
sets heart rate
|
|
|
describe the AV node
|
impulse delayed .1 second, allows atria to finish contraction before ventricles contract
|
|
|
describe the bundle of His, bundle branches
|
the only electrical connection between atria and ventricle
|
|
|
define and compare systole and diastole
|
systole: contraction period of heart
diastole: relaxation period of heart |
|
|
ECG: describe what happens in the cycle to produce the P, QRS and T waves
|
P wave: ventricular filling (ventricular filling and atrial contraction)
QRS wave: isovolumetric contraction T wave: ventricular ejection phase |
|
|
heart sound production and timing
|
lub = close AV valves, beginning of systole
dub = close of semilunar valves, beginning of ventricular diastole |
|
|
chamber blood flow and relative pressure; ventricular blood volume
|
pressures lower in the ventricles when the blood flow moves to the aorta and pulmonary circuits
|
|
|
define cardiac output
|
heart rate x stroke volume
|
|
|
describe heart rate
|
beats/minute
|
|
|
describe stroke volume
|
volume/beat pumped by ventricle with each beat
|
|
|
EDV = ....
|
end diastolic volume...determined by length of ventricular diastole and venous pressure
|
|
|
ESV = ...
|
end systolic volume...determined by arterial blood pressure and the force of ventricular contraction
|
|
|
contractility...
|
contractile strength achieved at a given muscle length
|
|
|
sympathetic nervous system level
|
through epinephrine and norepinephrin binding to b-1 adrenergic receptors to increase HR
|
|
|
parasympathetic nervous system level
|
acetylcholine opens potassium channels, HR decreases and dominant
|
|
|
define congestive heart failure
|
cardiac output is so low that blood circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs
|
|
|
describe the tunics of a typical bllod vessel
|
tunica interna, tunica media and tunica externa
|
|
|
tunica media...
|
circularly arranged smooth muscle and elastin...vasoconstriction and vasodilation
|
|
|
tunica externa...
|
loosely woven collagen
|
|
|
elastic arteries...
|
large diameter lumen and aorta and its major branch
|
|
|
muscular arteries
|
deliver blood to organs and proportionately, the thickest media
|
|
|
arterioles..
|
smallest of arteries largest have all three tunics and blood flow into capillaries determined by arteriole diameter
|
|
|
how precapillary sphincters can control blood flow
|
rerouting controlled by vasomotor nerve fibers, local chemical condition
|
|
|
describe continuous capillaries
|
most common, intercellular clefts not present in brain capillaries
|
|
|
describe fenestrated capillaries
|
active capillary absorption of filtrate formation, small intestine, kidneys
|
|
|
describe sinusoidal capillaries
|
highly modified, leaky, large molecules, blood cells pass, liver, bone marrow, lymphoid tissues and some endocrine organs
|
|
|
describe flow..
|
volume of blood flowing through a vessel, organ or entire circulation in a given period
|
|
|
describe blood pressure..
|
force per unit area exerted on the blood vessel wall by its contained blood, usually means systemic arterial pressure in largest arteries, pressure gradient drives blood movement
|
|
|
describe resistance...
|
friction or opposition to flow, mostly occurs away from heart, peripheral resistance
|
|
|
define arterial blood pressure
|
how much the elastic arteries close to the heart can be stretched and the volume of blood forced into them at any time
|
|
|
what is normal systolic blood pressure?
|
120 mm Hg
|
|
|
what is normal diastolic blood pressure
|
80 mm Hg
|
|
|
describe mean arterial pressure..
|
diastolic + pulse pressure / 3
|
|
|
pulse pressure is...
|
difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
|
|
|
describe what happens to blood pressure trough the systemic circuit
|
highest in the aorta, declines to lowers at right atrium, arterial blood pressure pulsatile
|
|
|
what is MAP =
|
stroke volume x heart rate x TPR
|
|
|
describe the short baroreceptors
|
increased blood pressure stretches, sends signal to inhibit vasomotor center
|
|
|
explain redistribution of blood flow that occurs during exercise
|
respiratory pump = breathing causes pressure changes in ventral body cavity
muscular pump = 1* mechanism venous smooth muscle constriction under sympathetic control |
|
|
explain how hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure gradients work at the capillary level to end up with a net filtration pressure
|
net fluid pressure = H"capillary - HP interstitial fluid) - (OPcapillary - OPinterstitial fluid)
|
|
|
compare and contrast the characteristics of lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries
|
-lymphatic capillaries: weave between the tissue cells and blood capillaries in the loose connective tissues of the body; they are remarkably permeable that they were once thought to be open at one end like a straw
|
|
|
define lymph
|
once interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic system
|
|
|
list the lymphoid organs and describe the role of the thymus
|
tonsils, thymust, spleen, peyer's patches, appendix
-thymus: prepares T lymphocytes to do battle -Blood-Thymus barrier secret thymosin and thymopoietin |
|
|
describe innate immunity
|
nonspecific: 1st line of defense (external body membranes)
-2nd line of defense (antimicrobial protein, phagocytes, and other cells to inhibit the invaders' spread throughout the body; inflammation) |
|
|
describe adaptive immunity
|
specific: 3rd line of defense (attacks with particular foreign substances)
|
|
|
describe the general steps in phagocytosis
|
-adherence by "recognizing" microbe's sugar coat, phagocyte engulfs, phagocytic vesicle fuses with a lysosome, microbe in fused vesicle killed and digested and residual material removed by exocytosis
|
|
|
describe the cardinal signs of inflammation (redness, heat, swelling, pain) and generally state what causes each of the signs
|
-redness: increased RBC
-heat: warmth from the blood -swelling: increase of WBC -pain: swelling and release of chemical mediators |
|
|
describe the process of phagocyte mobilization that occurs during inflammation
|
leukocytosis, margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis
|
|
|
define the phrase antigenic determinants
|
antibodies bind to antigenic determinants on the antigen surface. most antigens have several different antigenic determinants, which means that different antibodies can bind to a give antigen
|
|
|
a distinction in the roles of B-cells and T cells in each type of response
|
-B cells: produces antibodies to antigen
-T cells: helper cells |
|
|
whether or not the system recognizes free antigens
|
humoral: B cells: yes
cell mediated: T cells: no |
|
|
describe primary and secondary response as it relates to humoral immunity that includes a definition of memory
|
-memory B cells provide immunological memory
-secondary immune response faster, more prolonged, more effective |
|
|
definition of the phrase autoimmune disease
|
the immune system loses its ability to distinguish friend from foe
|
|
|
briefly describe the 4 essential process that must happen for the respiratory system to accomplish respiration
|
1. pulmonary ventilation = initial sweeping in of air
2. external respiration = exchange of gases at level of lungs 3. transport of gases = circulatory system take oxygen 4. internal respiration = exchange of gases at level of capillaries |
|
|
what is the conducting zone?
|
conduit for air, cleanse, humidify, warm = primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi/bronchioles
|
|
|
what is the respiratory zone
|
gas exchange = respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
|
|
|
describe the respiratory membrane including a description of each component
|
formed by alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal laminas (air-blood barrier). gas exchange by simple diffusion. each alveoli connected to each of the surrounding alveoli by a porous connection
|
|
|
define tidal volume
|
average amount of air inhaled or exhaled under resting conditions = 500 mL
|
|
|
describe vital capacity
|
max amoutnt of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration = 4800 mL
|
|
|
residual volume
|
air remaining in lungs after forced exhale = 1200 mL
|
|
|
describe dead space
|
volume that doesn't participate in gas exchange in the alveoli 150 mL
|
|
|
describe spirometer
|
evaluate losses in function; differentiates b/w obstructive and restrictive lung diseases
|
|
|
boyle's law
|
pressure and volume inversely related PV = PV
|
|
|
dalton's law
|
total pressure equals the sum of all independent pressure
|
|
|
henry's law
|
gas will dissolve in liquid according to its partial pressure
|
|
|
describe fentilation-perfusion coupling
|
influences gas exchange across respiratory membrane: if ventilation is inadequate then arterioles constrict and redirect blood to area where partial Oxygen levels is higher or if carbon dioxide is higher in passageways than dilate to eliminate carbond dioxide rapidly (occurs in alveoli in lungs)
|
|
|
describe how oxygen is carried in blood including a description of the role of hemoglobin in this process...
|
oxygen is carried by hemoglobin (98.5%) (4 at a time) 25% of oxygen unloaded to tissues
|
|
|
explain the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve and describe the changes that can occur to it when there are changes in environmental pH, CO2 and temperature...
|
dissociation curve...always shifts to right to promote unloading of oxygen. factors that aid in unloading: high temp, high CO2 and high hydrogen Ion levels (drop in pH)
|
|
|
describe the different ways in which carbon dioxide can be carried in the blood
|
CO2 carried in blood by...
1. dissolved in plasma 2. bound to hemoglobin (different binding sites that oxygen) 3. bicarbonate: most is carried this way |
|
|
explain the reaction what produces bicarbonate including an explanation of how the chloride shift contributes to the process and when the reaction may move to the right or left (lungs vs systemic tissues)
|
carbonic anhydrase forms bicarbonate!
-there's a chloride shift at tissues: left to right in tissues; and right to left in lungs |
|
|
describe how the medulla controls respiratory rate and include the role of pCO2 in those control mechanisms; describe when hyperventilation is triggered...
|
medulla controls respiratory rate by pacesetting the respiratory center and activating muscles of forced expiration
1. pCO = most powerful respiratory stimulant 2. increase CO triggers hyperventilation 3. hypercapnia (increased pCO in blood) = drop in pH 4. hypoxia = inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues |
|
|
identify and describe the anatomical organs contributing to digestion
|
alimentary canal: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
accessory galnds: teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver and pancreas: secretions aid to breakdown of food |
|
|
describe layers of the alimentary canal
|
1. mucosa: secretes digestive enzymes, hormones, absorbs end products of digestion into the blood and protects against infectious disease: simple columnar epithelium
2. submucosa: dense connective tissue containing blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles and nerve fibers. allows stomach to regain shape 3. muscularis externa: function is segmentation and peristalsis: it has an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer 4. serosa, the protective outermost layer made of areolar connective tissue: adventitia in the esophagus |
|
|
briefly describe the 6 major digestive processes
|
1: ingestion: eating food
2. propulsion: swallowing/peristalsis 3. mechanical digestion: physically prepares food for chemical digestion by enzymes. includes chewin, missing with saliva, segmentation (rhythmic constriction of the intestine) 4. chemical digestioin: series of catabolic steps in which complex food molecules are brokend down into their chemical building blocks 5. absorption: the passage of digested end products from the lumen of the GI tract through the mucosal cells by active or passive transport into the blood or lymph (small intestine is the main absorptive site 6. defecation: eliminates indigestible substances from the body via the anus in the form of feces |
|
|
describe peristalsis
|
the major means of propulsion, involves alternate waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls
|
|
|
describe segmentation
|
rhythmic constrictions of the intestine, mixing with digestive juices
|
|
|
define deglutition
|
swallowing
|
|
|
describe and state the role of the rugae of the stomach
|
folds created when stomach is empty
|
|
|
describe the role of the gastric glands
|
produce gastric juices
|
|
|
describe the role of mucous neck cells
|
acidic mucus
|
|
|
what do parietal cells secrete?
|
HCL
|
|
|
what do chief cells secrete?
|
pepsinogen (HCL + pepsinogen = pepsin)
|
|
|
what does exocrine pancreas secrete?
|
releases pancreatic juic
|
|
|
define role of liver
|
produce bile to emulsify fat: blood sent through to drop off nutrients before it goes back to the heart
|
|
|
describe the role of the gall bladder
|
stores bile; causes contraction and release of bile form gall bladder
|
|
|
describe the role of gastrin in digestion
|
gastrin produces in the stomach mucosa, stimulated by food in the stomach and acetylcholine, released by nerve fibers. it targets the stomach to cause gastric galnds to increase secretory activity; most pronounced effect is on HCL secretion and stimulates gastric emptying. it targets the small intestine to stimulate contraction of the intestinal muscle. it targets the ileocecal valve to relax. it stimulates the large intestine to make mass movements
|
|
|
describe the role of CCK in digestion
|
produced in the duodenal mucosa, stimulated by fatty chyme and partially digested proteins. it targets the liver.pancreas to potentiate secretin's actions on these organs. it targets the pancreas to increase output of enzyme rich pancreatic juice. it targets the gallbladder to contract and expel stored bile. it targets the hepatopancreatic sphincter to trelax and allow entry of bile and pancreatic juice into duodenum
|
|
|
describe the role of secretin in digestion
|
secretin is produced by the duodenal mucosa and is stimulated by acidic chyme. it targets the stomach to inhibit gastric gland secretion and gastric motility during gastric phase of secretion it targets the pancreas to increases output of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions; potentiates CCKs action. it targets the liver to increase bile output
|
|
|
describe the structural adaptations of small intestine for absorption
|
1. circular folds = makes chyme wind back and forth and allows time for absorption
2. villi = simple comlumnar epithelium line (chyme moves through it 3. microvilli = brush border (breaks down to simplest form |
|
|
describe the role of secondary active transport in absorption
|
sodium potassium pump on lower basilic border keeps gradient low (go outside of columnar epithelium cell most likely into blood) sodium transporters on upper apical border (microvilli) allow sodium and amino acids to come in...all but lipids are coupled with sodium to get from lumen to inside: FREE RIDER
|
