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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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side effect of isoniazid?
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isoniazid can compete with vitamin B6 in synthesis of multiple neurotransmitters (GABA)
it increases urinary excretion of pyridoxine, can cause frank DEFICIENCY that is what causes neuropathy |
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vitamin E deficiency causes? Mimics?
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degeneration of spinocerebellar tracts, dorsal column, & peripheral nn
closely mimics Friedreich ataxia b/c same area of CNS affected ataxia, dysarthria, & loss of both position & vibration sense |
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lab finding that is elevated in sarcoidosis?
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elevated serum ACE
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Wernicke vs CPL?
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Wernicke - confusion, ataxia, ophthalmoplegia
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the lesions of syphilis?
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Primary - chancre - painless ulceration
Secondary - condylomata lata - large gray wart like growths Tertiar - Gummas - begin as painless indurated granulomatous lesions progressing to white-gray rubbery lesion, may ulcerate |
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condylomata acuminata vs condylomata lata?
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condylomata acuminata - anogenital warts caused by HPV
condyloma lata - wart-life genital lesion caused by syphilis |
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pure motor lacunar infarct?
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posterior limb internal capsule
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pure sensory lacunar infarct?
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VPL or VPM of thalamus
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ataxia-hemiplegia lacunar infarct?
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base of pons
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dysarthria-clumsy hand lacunar infarct?
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base of pons or genu of internal capsule
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charcot-bernard vs lacunar vs berry?
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charcot bernard - hemmorhagic, aneurysm, lenticulostriate
lacunar - ischemic, lenticulostriate berry - hemmorhagic, weak media, circle of willis (larger than charcot bernard) |
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thyroid biopsy:
-mixed, cellular infiltration w/occasional multinucleate giant cells -mononuclear, parenchyma infiltration w/well-developed germinal centers |
mixed - subacute granulomatous de Quervain's thyroiditis
monocellular - chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, aka Hashimotos |
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lateral inferior pontine syndrome vs lateral medullary syndrome?
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lat infer pontine - anterior inferior cerebellar artery
-contralateral loss pain & temp -ipsilateral deficits in CN V & VIII -Horner's syndrome -Cerebellar sx Lateral medullary (wallenberg) syndrome - posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) -contralateral loss pain & temp -ipsilateral deficits of CN V, VIII, IX, X, & XI -Horner's syndrome |
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diabetes drugs that can cause hypoglycemia?
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sulfonylreas & insulin
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what are the 3 types of Rapidly Progressing Glomerular Nephritis? Examples?
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RPGN 1 - anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
-linear GBM deposits of IgG & C3 found on immunoflourescense -Goodpastures RPGN2 - immune complex mediated -"lumpy bumpy" granular pattern of staining on immunofluorescence -post-strept glom neph, SLE, IgA nephropathy, or Henoch Schonliem RPGN 3 - "pauci immune", no immunoglobulin or complement deposition in BM -most pts have ANCA in the serum -granulomatosis w/polyangitis (Wegener's), can also be idiopathic |
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calculate A-a gradient?
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PAO2 = 150 - (PaCO2 / 0.8) = [FiO2 x (Pb - PH2O)] - (PaCO2 / R)
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what is amlodipine?
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Calcium channel blocker
can be used to tx isolated systolic HTN in non-diabetic pt (also could use a thiazide) -can cause flusing and peripheral edema |
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wht is fexofenadine?
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2nd gen antihistamine (H1 blocker)
prevent mast cell degranulation |
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what are hydroxyzine, promethazine, chlorpheniramine, and diphenhydramine?
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1st gen antihistamines, cross BBB and have sedation, blurry vision, increase risk of falls
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how to calculate flow thru a hollow tube?
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Flow = (P1 - P2) / R
where R = nL/r^4, n = viscosity |
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MC lung cancer in women & non-smokers?
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adenocarcinoma
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smoking predisposes to what lung cancers?
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squamous cell carcinoma
small cell carcinoma |
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the various lung cancers and their relative frequencys & associations?
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Non-small cell vs small cell
Small cell -less common (20-25% of lung cancerS) -associated w/smoking (only 1% occur in non-smokers) -aggressive, don't do surgery only chemo & radiation -assoc w/Cushing syndrome, siADH, Lambert-Eaton syndrome -located centrally Non-Small Cell carcinoma - more common, include all the following: 1.) Adenocarcinoma -MC in women & non-smokers -25-40% lung cancers -Peripheral -associated w/clubbing, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy 2.) Squamous cell carcinoma -25-40% of lung cancers -centrally located, necrosis & cavitation common -assoc w/hypercalcemia (PTHrp) 3.) Large cell carcinoma -10-15% lung cancers -peripherally located -assoc w/gynecomastia & galactorrhea -form solid nests & sheets bronchioalveolar carcinoma arises from alveolar cells, less than 10% of all lung cancers, more common in non-smokers |
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what does the BRAF V600E marker indicate in tumor?
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melanoma
40-60% of pts w/melanoma had this BRAF mutation leads to NRAS-independent and uncontrolled BRAF activation - increased activation of nuclear DNA replication tyrosine kinase type growth signalling |
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overexpression growth factors associated w/glioblastoma?
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PDGF, EGFR, IGF, TGF
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