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93 Cards in this Set
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relatively stable and enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions
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personality
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the most widely researched and clinically used self-report personality test
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minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)
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psychological tests using ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or drawings, which allow the test taker to project his or her unconscious onto the test material
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projective tests
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a projective test that presents a set of 10 crds with inkblots; describe what they see
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
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a projective test that shows a series of ambiguous black and white pictures; create a story for each
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Thematic Apperception Test
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a relatively stable and consistent characteristic that can be used to describe someone
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trait
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statistical procedure for determining the most basic units or factors in a large array of data
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factor analysis
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trait theory that explains personality- openness, conscientousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
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Five-Facotr Model
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he condensed the list of 18,000 traits to 30 or 35 basic traits
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Cattell
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he reduced the list of traits down to 3 basic traits- extroversion-introversion, neuroticism, and psychotism
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Hans Eysenck
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thoughts or motives that a person is currently aware of or is remembering-freud
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conscious
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thoughts or motives that one can become aware of easily-freud
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preconscious
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thoughts or motives that lie beyond a person's normal awareness but that can be made available through psychoanalysis- freud
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unconscious
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the source of instinctual energy, which works on the pleasure principle and is concerned with immediate gratification- freud
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id
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the principle on which the id operates- seeking immediate pleasure
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pleasure principle
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the rational part of the psyche that deals with reality by controlling the id, while also satisfying the superego
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ego
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the principle on which the conscious ego operates
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reality principle
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the part of the personality that incorporates parental and societal standards for morality
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superego
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satisfies the id and superego by distorting reality
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defense mechanisms
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freud's first and most basic defense mechanism, which blocks unacceptable impulses from coming into awareness
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repression
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in freudian theory, 5 developmental periods during which particular kinds of pleasures must be gratified if personality development is to proceed normally
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psychosexual stages
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the 5 psychosexual stages
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oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
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period of conflict during the phallic stage when children are sexually attracted to the opposite sex parent and hostile towards the same sex parent
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oedipus complex
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he developed individual psychology and saw behavior as purposeful and goal directed; inferiority complex; birth order
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Alfred Adler
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Adler's idea that feelings of inferiority develop from early childhood experiences of helplessness and incompetence
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inferiority complex
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he developed analytical psychology and believed the unconscious had positive and negative motives; collective unconscious and archetypes
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Carl Jung
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Jung's concept of an inherited unconscious that all humans share
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collective unconscious
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according to Jung, the images or patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior that reside in the collective unconscious
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archetypes
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she believed that male-female differences were the result of social and cultural factors, not biological factors; power envy instead of penis envy; basic anxiety
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Karen Horney
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according to Horney, the feelings of helplessness and insecurity that adults experience because as children they felt alone and isolated in a hostile environment
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basic anxiety
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Freud, Adler, Jung, and Horney practiced these theories
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psychoanalytic or psychodynamic theories
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he believed the most important component of personality is the self; self concept; unconditional positive regard
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Carl Rogers
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Rogers' term for all the info and beliefs individuals have about their own nature, qualities, and behavior
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self-concept
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Rogers' term for positive behavior toward a person with no contingencies attached
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unconditional positive regard
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he believed people strived to reach self actualization
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Abraham Maslow
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the innate tendency toward growth that motivates all human behavior and results in the full realization of a person's highest potential
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self actualization
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Rogers and Maslow practiced this theory
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humanistic theory
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he reintroduced thought processes into personality theory through self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism
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Albert Bandura
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learned beliefs that one is capable of producing desired results, such as mastering new skills and achieving personal goals
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self-efficacy
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belief that cognitions, behaviors, and the learning environment interact to produce personality
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reciprocal determinism
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he believed learning created cognitive expectancies that guide behavior; expect and reinforcement value; locus of control
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Julian Rotter
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Bandura and Rotter practiced this theory
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social/cognitive theory
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theory of personality that focuses on the brain, neurochemistry, and genetics
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biological theory
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major theories overlap and each contributes to our understanding of personality
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interactionism
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patterns of emotion, thought, and action considered pathological
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abnormal behevaior
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4 basic standards for abnormal behavior
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statistical infrequency, disability or dysfunction, personal distress, violation of norms
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legal term applied when people cannot be held responsible for their actions or allowed to manage their own affairs because of mental illness
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insanity
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using stone instruments to bore a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape; practiced during Stone Age
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trephining
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religious treatment during the Middle Ages that involved prayer, fasting, noise making, beating, and drinking brews
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exorcism
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specialized hospitals during the 15th and 16th centuries
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asylums
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he demanded that inmates in asylums be treated humanely and believed disturbed people had a physical illness
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Philippe Pinel
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perspective that assumes diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and possibly cured; Pinel
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medical model
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branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders
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psychiatry
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he believed the medical model encourages people to believe they have no responsibility for their actions and can find solutions in drugs
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Thomas Szasz
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he conducted a study where people pretended to hear voices and were placed in asylums where they reported hearing no more voices
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David Rosenhan
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classification system developed by the APA used to describe abnormal behaviors
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)
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outmoded term for disorders characterized by unrealistic anxiety
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neurosis
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serious mental disorders characterized by loss of contact with reality and extreme mental disruption
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psychosis
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type of abnormal behavior characterized by unrealistic, irrational fear
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anxiety disorder
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chronic, uncontrollable, and excessive worry not focused on any particular object or situation; affects twice as many women as men; 6 months; free floating
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generalized anxiety disorder
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sudden and inexplicable attacks of intense fear
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panic disorder
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intense, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
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phobias
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a phobia where people restrict their normal behavior because they fear being in busy, crowded places
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agoraphobia
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a fear of a specific object or situation
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simple phobias
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feelings of extreme insecurity in social situations
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social phobias
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intrusive, repetitive thoughts, urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors, or both; equally common in men and women
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obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
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constantly scanning the environment for signs of danger and ignoring signs of safety
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hypervigilence
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long lasting depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, or maintain interest in life; mood disorder
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major depressive disorder
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repeated episodes of mania and depression; mood disorder
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bipolar disorder
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Seligman's term for a state of helplessness of resignation in which people or animals learn that escape from something painful is impossible, and depression results
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learned helplessness
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the explanations people assign to their own and other's behavior
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attribution
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group of psychotic disorders involving major disturbances in perception, language, thought, emotion, and behavior; the individual withdraws from people and reality, often into a fantasy life of delusions and hallucinations
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schizophrenia
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sensory perceptions that occur without an external stimulus
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hallucinations
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mistaken beliefs maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary
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delusions
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he believed the best way to understand personality was to study individual and arrange their personality traits into hierarchy
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Gordon Allport
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idea you are stuck on pleasures of other/ earlier stage; overindulge or frustration
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fixation
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pass out of stage and something happens that causes you to revert/regress back to earlier stage
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repression
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mysterious actions were attributed to supernatural powers and possession
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supernatural view
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he believed madness was like any other sickness; natural event arising from natural causes; 4 humors
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Hippocrates
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schoolteacher from Boston led nationwide campaign for humane treatment of mentally ill people
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Dorothea Dix
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movement of mental patients out of large hospitals- became a major goal of mental health care in the last half of the 20th century
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deinstitutionalization
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amnesia, fugue, or multiple personalities resulting from avoidance of painful memories or situations
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dissociated disorders
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inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that cause significant impairment of social and occupation functioning
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personality disorders
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characterized by lack of conscious symptoms and causes- little respect for authority, lie, cheat, no guilt
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antisocial personality disorder
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characterized by mood instability and poor self- image
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borderline personality disorder
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treatment (Tx) of disorders through talking and other psychological methods
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psychotherapy
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gain insight by recognizing/ understanding unconscious thoughts and emotions
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psychoanalysis
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people with problems are blocked in some way from reaching their full potential
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humanistic therapy
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active; get in touch with genuine feelings/ disown foreign ones- like Behavorist therapy but more active
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Gestalt therapy
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classical and operant conditioning principles to change behavior
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behavior therapy
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relies on learning principles to help change the way clients think
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cognitive-behavior therapy
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brief electrical shock to brain; used to relieve severe depression
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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destroy tissue in small regions of brain
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psychosurgery
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