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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social Psychology
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The scientific study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people
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3 elements of social psych
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social perception, social influence, social relations
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social perception
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how we perceive the world around us and ourselves
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social influence
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how are we influenced by the world around us?
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social relations
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how do we think/feel/behave in a group
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Social psych vs. related disciplines
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social psych: studies the processes people have in common with one another that make them susceptible to social influence (inidivdual, what makes us the same). Sociology: general laws and theories about societies, not individuals; personality: studies that charateristics that make idnividuals unique and differnt from one another
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How do we learn about ourselves? what are our views of self shaped by?
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by observing how people treat us and how we treat others; the world around us
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Willam James
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founder of American Psychology
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How did William James define the self?
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defined a basic duality of the self. Self-concept and self-awareness
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Self-concept
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The known "me", our knowledge of who we are
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Self-awareness
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The know "I", the act of thinking about ourselves
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Red-dye studies (1970): what, results?
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chimps vs. gorillas. put mirror in cage, anesthetized after became familiar. Red dye on ear or brow. Chimps touched dye (sense of self), gorillas not. Yes, other species have sense of self.
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Sense of self in humans
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around age 2
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How does self-concept evolve in humans?
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Concrete to abstract
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Cultural differences in the definition of self
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Western cultures: independent view of self
Eastern culture: interdependent view of self |
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Independent view of self
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define self in terms of internal thoughts, feelings, and actions-not in terms of others
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Interdependent view of self
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View the self in terms of connectedness and interdependence between people are valued
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Introspection
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the process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings, and motives.
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Csikszetnmihayli and Figurski (1982)-beepers
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when beeped, write down what was on their mind (journal), "no thoughts" recorded more often than thoughts of the self. People recorded about work, chores, etc. Rae introspection
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Self-awareness theory
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the idea that when people focus their attention on themselves they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values
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What happens as a result of self-awareness theory?
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we become self-conscious and judgemental of our self...this makes you aware of self-discrepancies between behavior and moral thoughts
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Duval and Wickland (1972)-mirror, students
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student could cheat on test, less likely to cheat when in a cubicle with a mirror
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What can discrepances between behavior and moral thoughts movitave people to do?
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change behavior, change moral standard, escape from self-awareness
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How do discrepancies make us feel?
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anxiety and anger
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How do people avoid self-awareness?
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through distracting acitiveies: watch TV, read a book, suicide, alcohol abuse, binge eating
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How is self-focus not necessarily aversive?
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religious experience, if you just experienced success self-focus is good; keeps you out of 'trouble' by reminding difference between right and wrong (ex. self aware-less cheating on test)
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Overall, how can self-awareness be aversive or good?
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can be aversive when reminding of shortcomings, but can be good in that it makes you aware of morals
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Nisbett and Wilson-Pantyhose study
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laid out several pairs, all the same, most people preffered/chose one on right-"recency effect", asked why: color, texture...wrong. So: sometimes self-awareness and introspection can't tell us why we feel the way we do
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Causal theories
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Theories about the causes of one's own feelings and behaviors. The problem is, our theories are not always correct and thus can lead to incorrect judgements about the causes of our actions
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Self-perception theory
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where (1) initial feelings are ambiguous/unclear and (2) our behavior was freely chosen, then we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs
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Intrinsic motivation
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desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or find it interesting
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Extrinsic motivation
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desire to engage in an activity because of external pressures and rewards
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What does Self-perception theory determine concerning awards and motivation?
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extrinsic rewards decrease intrinsic motivation; people view there behavior as cuased by compelling extrinsic reasons (ex. reward) making them underestimate the influence of intrinsic reasons (Overjustification effect)
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Over-justification effect
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placing too much importance on extrinsic reasons and underestimating intrinsic reasons
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Deci, Overjustification effect
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Puzzles, some paid, when left saw who continued to work. Ps who were paid showed decline in interest once pay stopped. Ps not paid continued to show interest in puzzles
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What can we do to protect intrinsic motitavion from societies rewars system? (How do we avoid the overjustification effect?)
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1. Rewards will undermine interest only if interest was high initially. 2. the type of award makes a difference: Task-contingent vs. peformance=contingenet, convey positive feedback without making people feel nervous about being evaluated
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What kind of rewards are less likely to decrease interest?
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performance contingent
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Self-perception and emotion
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infer feelings by observing own physiological arousal
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Two-factor theory of emotion (Schachter-Singer)
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emotional experience is a result of two step self-perception. 1. Experience the physical arousal. 2. seek an appropriate explaination or label for arousal. We use info in the situation to help us make an attribution about why we feel aroused.
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Experiment to test Two-factor theory
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Suproxin, say study effect on vision. actually epinephrin. other patient (confed), fill out questionnaire. insulting. Participants given epinephrine reacted more angrily than placebo. Ps told that the inejction would increase heart rate, make face feel warm, and cause hands shake slightly- did NOT react angirly. when acted euphoric, reacted euphoric as well.
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Conclusion of Suproxin study?
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emotions can be a result of a self-pereption process where people look for the most plausible explaination for their arousal. Sometimes the most pausible explanation is NOT the right explaination and people end up experiencing a mistaken emotion.
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Bridge study (Dutton and Aron)
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Immediate condition: middle of bridge
Delayed condition: other side ridge; all males meet in middle bridge, questionnaire iwth pretty woman, given number. Immediate: 73% asked her out; delayed: 23%. Phsyiolgical arousal labeled as attraction |
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what can the result of the two-factor theory of emotion lead to?
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a misattribution of arousal: when people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do.(bridge, also scary movie)
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We come to know ourselves through
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Introspection, observing own behavior (self-perception), comparisons with others
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Social comparison theory
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the idea that when criteria for self-evaluation is not present, we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves with other people
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With whom do we compare?
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Similar others provide most informational value
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two directions for social comparisons
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Upward comparisons: comparing ourselves to someone who is better than we are on a particular trait or ability
Downward comparisons: comparing ourselves to someone who is worse than we are on a particular trait or ability |
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goal and effect of Upward comparisons
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goal: improvement, determine what excellence is. Affect: negative (emotions)
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goal and effect of Downward comparisons
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goal: mood enhancement/maintenance; self-protection. Affect: positive
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Summary: how do we know ourselves?
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introspection (look within ourselves), self-perception (observe our own behavior), social comparison (compare ouselves with others)
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Self-esteem
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people's evaluations of their own self worth: the extent to which they view themselves as good, competent, and decent
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why is self-esteem important?
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a buffer against anxiety
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Where does anxiety stem from?
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Terror Management theory, need for belongingness/fear of social exclusion
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Terror management theory; so?
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human activity and culture is fundamentally driven by fear of death, and so self esteem becomes a buffer against death anxiety.
By regarding oneself as a valued participant in a culturally meaningful activity (and thus elevating self-esteem), one can ward off the threat of meaninglessness that arises from knowing one's mortality |
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Need for belongingness/fear of social exclusion
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threats to social belongingess (romantic rejection, loss of employment) cause anxiety. High self-esteem is a perception of oneself as likeable, physically attractive, competent, moral, and good-precisely the type of person that others want to include in their social groups
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What are some self-esteem enhancing strategies?
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self-serving cognitions, BIRGing and CORFing, Self-handicapping
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Self-serving cognitions
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taking credit for success and distancing oneself from blame; attribute success internally and failure externally. Unrealistic optimism bolstered by holding causal theories that link personal attributes to desired outcomes
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Basking in Reflective Glory (BIRGing)
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enhancing self esteem by associating with successful others
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Cutting off reflected failure (CORFing)
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distancing oneself from relevant others who are unsuccesfful
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Cialdin et. all (school gear)
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more school gear after win, "we" when describing victory and "they" for loss. Tendency to BIRG or CORF when image is threatened.
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Self-handicapping
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statements or beahviors designed (ahead of tiem) to provide a subsequent excuse for failure
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Berglas and Jones (self-handicapping)
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easy or difficult analogies, all told did well. Second time can take drug enhance or hinder. Subject in difficult condition picked impairing drug, providing a built-in excuse for expected failure. Moreover, any success makes them look really smart.
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Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory
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Theory that one's self-concept can be threatened by another individual's behavior. Threat determined by closeness and relevance.If you are close to someone who does better than you in an area this is NOT relevant to your self-definition BIRG. If you are close to someone who does better than you in an area that IS relevant to your self-definition, must restore self-esteem by: reducing closeness, reducing task relevance, improving your performance or sabotage they performance of the other
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