Pulmonary Anatomy And Physiology #1

Front 1

Ficks Law of Diffusion

Back 1

The amount of gas that moves across a sheet of tissue is proportional to the area of the sheet, but inversely proportional to its thickness.

Front 2

How many cartilages are in the larynx? (Paired? Single?)

Back 2

9 Cartilages in the airway. 3 single and 3 paired= 9

Front 3

Name the three single cartilages in the larynx.

Back 3

Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis
(sinlge)

Front 4

Name the three paired cartilages in the larynx.

Back 4

Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform
(paired)

Front 5

Epiglottis Function

Back 5

To cover the opening of the larynx during swallowing to prevent aspiration.

Front 6

Epiglottis in relation to the thyroid

Back 6

attached to the thyroid Cartilage and is free on its other borders

Front 7

Location of the Vocal Process

Back 7

Bump at the bottom of the arytenoid Cartilage

Front 8

Larynx Location

Back 8

Between the base of the tongue and the trachea

Front 9

What are the two muscle groups that the largyngeal musculature divided into?

Back 9

Extrinsic and Intrinsic

Front 10

Name the 2 Extrinsic Muscle Groups

Back 10

1) Infrahyoid
2) Suprahyoid

Front 11

Name the Infrahyoid muscle Groups

Back 11

1)Sternohyoid
2) Sternothyroid
3)Thyrohyoid
4)Omohyoid
Muscles

Front 12

Name the movement of the infrahyoid muscle group.

Back 12

These muscles pull the larynx and hyoid bone down to a lower position in the neck.

Front 13

Name the Suprahyoid Muscles

Back 13

1) Stylohyoid
2)Mylohyoid
3)Digastric
4)Geniohyoid
5)Stylopharyngeus
Muscles

Front 14

Name the movement of the Suprahyoid mucles group

Back 14

These muscles pull the hyoid bone forward, upward, and backward.

Front 15

Name the Laryngeal Intrinsic Muscles

Back 15

1)Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscles
2)Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscles
3) Transverse Arytenoid Muscles
4)Thyroarytenoid Muscles
5)Cricothyroid Muscles

Front 16

Function of the Intrinsic Muscles of the larynx

Back 16

Controls the movement of the vocal cords.

Front 17

Name the location and function of the Thyroarytenoid Muscles

Back 17

Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscle:
Lie in the vocal folds lateral to the vocal ligaments. These muscles pulls the arytenoid cartilage allowing a lower frequency of phonation.

Front 18

Name the location and function of the Cricothyroid Muscles

Back 18

Located on teh anterior surface of the larynx can swing entire thyroid cartilage anteriorly. Allows the vocal folds to be tensed and change the frequency of phonation.

Front 19

Name the location and function of the Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscles.

Back 19

These muscles pull inferiorly on the lateral angles of the arytenoids. Causes vocal folds to move abduct (apart) and allows for air to pass through.

Front 20

Name the location and function of the Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscles

Back 20

Opposite of the Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscles. These muscles pull laterally on the lateral angles of the arytenoids causing the vocal fold to adduct (together)

Front 21

Name the location and function of the Transverse Arytenoid Muscles

Back 21

These muscles pull the arytenoid cartilages together and position the two vocal folds so taht they vibrate as air passes b/t them during exhalation. Makes the sounds for speech or singing.

Front 22

The primary function of the larynx and movement during breathing.

Back 22

Allowing air to move to and from the lungs. During inspiration vocal cords abduct (apart). During exhalation vocal cords adduct (together), but maintain an open glottis.

Front 23

Secondary function of the Larynx.

Back 23

Valsalva manuver: Massive adduction to the glottis is sealed.

Front 24

Best time to extubate

Back 24

End of inspiration because vocal cords are as wide apart as they get

Front 25

What is the carina?

Back 25

Point of where the left and right main stem bronchus branch

Front 26

Is there cartilage posteriorly on the trachea?

Back 26

No. Cartilage disappears with progression. Cartilage is C-shaped with cartilage anterior and fibro elastic membrane is shared with esophagus.

Front 27

Is there cartilage once you get to the Bronchioles?

Back 27

No. Bronchioles are non-cartilaginous airways with no connective tissue. However there is no gas exchange until the respiratory bronchioles.

Front 28

Conducting Zone

Back 28

No alveoli, no part in gas exchange (called anatomic dead space). Trachea to terminal bronchioles.

Front 29

Respiratory Zone

Back 29

Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs. Sites of Gas exchange.

Front 30

Anatomic Dead Space

Back 30

No part in gas exchange. No capillary blood to exchange gas in dead space. Volume is 150ml

Front 31

Role of Non-cartilaginous airways

Back 31

Conduction
and sites of gas exchange (only at respiratory bronchiole level and below)

Front 32

Role of Cartilaginous Airways

Back 32

Conduction of air into lung. Anatomic dead space.

Front 33

Explain the progression of the airway generations in relation to the cross sectional areas

Back 33

As you continue to branch, the generations become individually smaller, but the total cross sectional area is becoming greater as you are going distal to the airway. Diffusion is directly related to area-Fick's law.

Front 34

Right Main Stem Bronchus

Back 34

25 degress. More likely to have ETT travel there because of lesser angle

Front 35

Left main stem bronchus

Back 35

40-60 degrees. Steeper angle

Front 36

Canals of Lambert

Back 36

Openings b/t terminal bronchioles and alveoli. Believed that these canals are secondary for collateral ventilation in pt with respiratiory disorders-this is pathologic.

Front 37

What makes up the respiratory zone and its mechaism of ventilation

Back 37

Diffusion is the dominant mechanism of ventilation.
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs.

Front 38

Name the Alveolar Epithelium 2 cell types

Back 38

Type I- Squamous pnemocyte. Cells that make up the alveolus, 95%.
Works well for diffusion

Type II-Granular pnumocyte-very thin, 5%. Primary source of surfactant.

Front 39

Alveolar Type III

Back 39

Macrophage, when infection occurs. Seen in pathology.

Front 40

Surfactant

Back 40

liquid layer. Surfactant decreases surface tension, produced by type II alveolar epithelium cells.

Front 41

Pores of Kohn

Back 41

Small holes in the wall of the alveoli. Permits gas to move between adjacent alveoli. Normal respiration.

Front 42

Location and function of Tight space

Back 42

Between the epithilum of the alveolus and endothilum of the capillary. Where gas exchange takes place.

Front 43

Location of Loose space

Back 43

Collagen fibers and lymphatics are found in the loose space. Found between alveoli.

Front 44

Hilum

Back 44

Where all the blood vessels and the main stem bronchus are entering the lung (both left and right sides).

Front 45

What is the mean Pa pressue?

Back 45

15-20 cm of water. Low pressure. Deoxygenated blood.

Front 46

Layers of the Artery

Back 46

1)Tunica intima
2) Tunica media
3) Tunica adventitia

Front 47

Function of Arterioles

Back 47

Distrtibute and regulate blood because they have muscles. They are called resistance vessels.

Front 48

Layers of Arterioles

Back 48

1)Endothilum
2)Elastic layers
3)Smooth muscle layer
Arterioles give rise to a network of capillaries that surround tha alveoli.

Front 49

Capillaries function and RBC relation

Back 49

Where gas exchange occurs. Each red blood cell spends 0.75 seconds in a capillary network. complete equilibration of co2 and o2 occured during that time.

Front 50

Pulmonary Capillaries Function

Back 50

Play an important biochemical role in the production and destruction of a broad range of biologically active substances.

Front 51

Veins Function

Back 51

Capacitance vessels because they can dilate without a large pressure change. Have thinner walls and contain less smooth muscle and elastic tissue.

Front 52

Bronchial Circulation

Back 52

Bronchial arteries nourish the tracheobronchial tree. A small circulation compared to the pulmonary circulation and completely separate. 1% of the cardiac output.

Front 53

1/3 Bronchial venous blood pathway

Back 53

Goes back into the RA by the way of the hemiazygos and intercostal veins. Nourish the tracheobronchial tree.

Front 54

2/3 Bronchial venous blood pathway

Back 54

DE-oxygenated blood drains into the pulmonary veins (oxygenated) and is carried inot the left atrium (LA). This is why there is a degree of advenous mixture.

Front 55

Advenous mixture

Back 55

Venous blood getting into arterial blood (secondary to the 2/3 of the bronchial venous blood pathway).

Front 56

Lymphatic Systerm

Back 56

Also enter at the hilum. One way valves (move bacteria out). More lymphatics in LLL. Pleural effusions tend to happen in RL.